Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases present with progressive neuronal degeneration, which can lead to cognitive and motor impairment. Early screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are necessary to begin treatment before the onset of clinical symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. Biomarkers have shown great potential as a diagnostic tool in the early diagnosis of many diseases, including AD and PD. However, screening for these biomarkers usually includes invasive, complex and expensive methods such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling through a lumbar puncture. Researchers are continuously seeking to find a simpler and more reliable diagnostic tool that would be less invasive than CSF sampling. Saliva has been studied as a potential biological fluid that could be used in the diagnosis and early screening of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to provide an insight into the current literature concerning salivary biomarkers used in the diagnosis of AD and PD. The most commonly studied salivary biomarkers in AD are β-amyloid1-42/1-40 and TAU protein, as well as α-synuclein and protein deglycase (DJ-1) in PD. Studies continue to be conducted on this subject and researchers are attempting to find correlations between specific biomarkers and early clinical symptoms, which could be key in creating new treatments for patients before the onset of symptoms.
Highlights
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive degeneration of cells of the central and peripheral nervous system, which lead to cognitive and motor function deficits
The aim of this review is to provide an extensive insight into recent clinical studies where salivary biomarkers were isolated and used in the screening, differentiation between various stages and subtypes, and early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), as well as to present the limitations and future approaches of salivary biomarkers as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of AD and PD
The results showed a significant increase in the total TAU (t-TAU)/phosphorylated TAU (p-TAU) ratio in AD patients compared to both mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy participants
Summary
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive degeneration of cells of the central and peripheral nervous system, which lead to cognitive and motor function deficits. PD is characterized by the progressive reduction of dopamine levels in the substantia nigra, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the formation of intracytoplasmic α-synuclein protein aggregates, known as Lewy bodies, which lead to clinical motor symptoms such as tremors, muscle stiffness, akinesia and bradykinesia, as well as cognitive impairment [7]. These neuropathological changes can commence several years prior to any obvious clinical symptoms, cognitive deficits and memory loss. Only the detection of TAU and Aβ in CSF
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