The Role of Queen Margrethe II in the Soviet-Danish and Russian-Danish relations

Abstract

The theory of political leadership includes different approaches to the analysis of head of state as an actor of foreign policy. Mostly, heads of state as political leaders are described as possessing charismatic traits of character and capable of having a dramatic influence on internal and external affairs of the country. However, a question can be raised whether the theory of political leadership is applicable to the analysis of head of state activities in limited monarchies. In parliamentary monarchies, head of state powers are de-jure brought to a minimum. The aim of this research is to define the role of Queen Margrethe II as a head of state in a constitutional monarchy in international processes during the turbulent times of the Soviet-Danish and Russian-Danish relations. In accordance with the Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, Queen Margrethe II is the executive head of the nation, i. e. by signing all governmental acts, she nominally determines the foreign policy of the Kingdom. However, in several specific situations, connected, for instance, with dynastic issues or peace maintenance, the Queen is ready to contravene the approved course of action. Shortly before the conclusion of the Helsinki Accords in 1975, Queen Margrethe II made her state visit to the USSR which has had a great impact on the bilateral relations. Not without interest is the Queen’s willpower to conduct the ceremonies connected with the reburial of the remains of Empress Maria Feodorovna in St. Petersburg. Finally, we have made two conclusions. Firstly, a head of state in parliamentary monarchies, who mostly undertakes ceremonial duties, can influence contentious bilateral relationships while being an “ambassador for peace”, strengthening friendly ties in all areas of cooperation. Secondly, a head of state in limited monarchies is able to conduct his or her own foreign policy course, which will contravene with the policies of the Government if issues important for the monarch are concerned.