Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) mediate the methylation of a number of protein substrates of arginine residues and serve critical functions in many cellular responses, including cancer development, progression, and aggressiveness, T-lymphocyte activation, and hepatic gluconeogenesis. There are nine members of the PRMT family, which are divided into 4 types (types I–IV). Although most PRMTs do not require posttranslational modification (PTM) to be activated, fine-tuning modifications, such as interactions between cofactor proteins, subcellular compartmentalization, and regulation of RNA, via micro-RNAs, seem to be required. Inflammation is an essential defense reaction of the body to eliminate harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens. However, chronic inflammation can eventually cause several types of diseases, including some cancers, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Therefore, inflammation responses should be well modulated. In this review, we briefly discuss the role of PRMTs in the control of inflammation. More specifically, we review the roles of four PRMTs (CARM1, PRMT1, PRMT5, and PRMT6) in modulating inflammation responses, particularly in terms of modulating the transcriptional factors or cofactors related to inflammation. Based on the regulatory roles known so far, we propose that PRMTs should be considered one of the target molecule groups that modulate inflammatory responses.
Highlights
Inflammation, the body’s physiological protective response to infection by pathogens, is an important component of innate immunity
An introduction of key model systems is needed in order to understand the biological role of Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) in inflammation
Mouse models can be a powerful tool for investigating the in vivo inflammation-regulatory roles of PRMTs and understanding their molecular mechanisms
Summary
Inflammation, the body’s physiological protective response to infection by pathogens, is an important component of innate immunity. The methylation of lysine, arginine, histidine, alanine, proline, glutamine, phenylalanine, asparagine, and methionine is a type of Nmethylation, while O-methylation involves the methylation of glutamic acid and aspartic acid The creation of these methylated amino acids is catalyzed by methyltransferases that utilize S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) as the methyl donor. Type I arginine methyltransferase, the most common type of PRMT, induces asymmetric dimethylation, adding two methyl groups to the terminal nitrogen atoms (ω-NG,NG-dimethylarginine). Type II PRMTs add one methyl group to the terminal nitrogen atoms (ω-NG,NGdimethylarginine) by catalyzing the symmetric dimethylation of arginine side chains. Type III enzymes generate monomethyl arginine as their final product, even though monomethylated arginine at terminal nitrogen atoms (ω-NGmethylarginine) is an essential intermediate of both types I and II PRMT reactions [19].
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