Abstract
Chronic periodontal disease and oral bacteria dysbiosis can lead to the accumulation of genetic mutations that eventually stimulate Oral Squamous Cell Cancer (OSCC). The annual incidence of OSCC is increasing significantly, and almost half of the cases are diagnosed in an advanced stage. Worldwide there are more than 380,000 new cases diagnosed every year, and a topic of extensive research in the last few years is the alteration of oral bacteria, their compositional changes and microbiome. This review aims to establish the relationship between bacterial dysbiosis and OSCC. Several bacteria implicated in periodontal disease, includingFusobacterium nucleatum,Porphyromonas gingivalis,Prevotella intermedia, and someStreptococcusspecies, promote angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and alteration in the host defense process; these same bacteria have been present in different stages of OSCC. Our review showed that genes involved in bacterial chemotaxis, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the cell wall membrane of gram negatives bacteria, were significantly increased in patients with OSCC. Additionally, some bacterial diversity, particularly withFirmicutes, andActinobacteriaspecies, has been identified in pre-cancerous stage samples. This review suggests the importance of an early diagnosis and more comprehensive periodontal therapy for patients by the dental care professional.
Highlights
Oral bacteria dysbiosis is known to act as a precursor for diseases such as periodontitis [1, 2]
To understand the influence in the oral carcinogenesis process associated with oral dysbiosis, a narrative review was performed to summarize the microbiological, cellular, molecular and clinical aspects from in-vitro and clinical studies, providing an updated and structured overview of the oral microbiota and oral cancer relationship
Three key microorganisms have been identified as being involved in subgingival dysbiosis, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia which are considered the most representative types of bacteria in oral cavity lesions being squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) [17, 28 - 31, 59 - 63], (Fig. 1); An interesting feature is that P. gingivalis appears to occur in the early stage of OSCC 53, and F. nucleatum has been identified as a key player in non-oral cancers [64 - 67]
Summary
Oral bacteria dysbiosis is known to act as a precursor for diseases such as periodontitis [1, 2]. This pathologic process, which involves chronic inflammatory responses that increase the possibility for tooth loss, can affect systemic health because its accumulative effect increases the patients’ risk for neoplastic processes [3 - 5]. The most abundant microbiota is found in the gut, followed by the oral cavity; Oral Cancer (OC) has been associated with oral and gut microbiota dysbiosis [11, 12]. Oral microbiota is emerging as a complex factor influencing oral microenvironments, oral diseases and OSCC, and affecting the gut microbiota in both direct and indirect ways [11, 21]. To understand the influence in the oral carcinogenesis process associated with oral dysbiosis, a narrative review was performed to summarize the microbiological, cellular, molecular and clinical aspects from in-vitro and clinical studies, providing an updated and structured overview of the oral microbiota and oral cancer relationship
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