The Role of Perceptual Modeling in the Understanding of Spatial Disorientation During Flight and Ground-based Simulator Training

Abstract

When investigators fail to find a materiel cause for a mishap, pilot error may be implicated. Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT), aircraft upset (AU), and loss of control (LOC) are important mishap contributors. Spatial disorientation (SD) is a key causal factor of CFIT and its presence can precipitate or exacerbate LOC. SD typically is inferred based on unusual control inputs by the pilot, insufficient outside visual cues, the presence of factors which would distract the pilot from the primary flight instruments, and the qualitative similarity of the flight circumstances to those known to induce orientation illusions. We recommend that SD analysis should be more quantitative and comprehensive, involving the matching of information from on-board recorders (e.g., acceleration, pilot control inputs) to mathematical models of human orientation functioning that are designed to fit what is known about human perception. We recently combined several established scientific models into one Perception Toolbox which allows comparison of the predictions from each model. We also devised our own model, called the Orientation Modeling System (OMS), which is intended to improve the explanation of mishaps and laboratory perceptual experiments. The OMS and the Perception Toolbox are described briefly in this report. The modeling tool has been used to describe several illusions in laboratory, simulator and flight settings. Two applied examples are highlighted which entailed the successful modeling of a recent SD mishap and some published experimental results relevant to the disorienting effects of head movement during centrifuge-based simulator training. Lessons learned from the model will enhance future aeromedical capabilities by helping investigators determine if SD is a factor in a given mishap, develop educational videos of mishaps to improve mishap evaluation and pilot training, evaluate new instrumentation solutions to prevent AU, LOC, and CFIT, and improve simulation profiles in advanced centrifuge-based simulators.