The role of PdZn alloy formation and particle size on the selectivity for steam reforming of methanol

Abstract

Pd/ZnO has been shown in recent years to have high selectivity toward CO 2 during methanol steam reforming. It is commonly assumed that PdZn alloy formation is essential to achieve high selectivity toward CO 2. The simplest method for forming a PdZn alloy is to treat a Pd/ZnO catalyst at elevated temperatures in H 2, generally >350 °C. The high-temperature treatment, while transforming Pd to PdZn, also leads to particle growth. This makes it difficult to independently assess the role of particle size and composition on selectivity. In this work, we have used alternative activation treatments to vary independently the particle size and extent of alloy formation. XRD and TEM were used to obtain estimates of average crystallite size and composition. We found that even without any pretreatment, PdZn alloy particles were formed after reaction at 250 °C, due to the facile reduction of ZnO in the presence of Pd and H 2. Samples treated at low temperatures in H 2 showed the coexistence of monometallic Pd and PdZn alloy particles. Higher-temperature reduction led to complete transformation of Pd into the PdZn alloy. However, the selectivity toward CO 2 did not increase monotonically with the extent of alloy formation. Samples with low alloy content also showed CO 2 selectivity comparable to those with complete alloy formation. In each case, lower CO 2 selectivity was exhibited by samples containing small particles (∼1.5 nm). We conclude that one consequence of high-temperature reduction is elimination of these small particles, leading to improved selectivity. It was also surprising that an increase in PdZn alloy crystallite size with increasing reduction temperature had no adverse impact on catalyst reactivity.