Abstract
The definition “porcine respiratory disease complex” (PRDC) is used to indicate the current approach for presenting respiratory pathology in modern pig farming. PRDC includes pneumonias with variable pictures, mixed with both aerogenous and hematogenous forms with variable etiology, often multimicrobial, and influenced by environmental and management factors. The notion that many etiological agents of swine respiratory pathology are ubiquitous in the airways is commonly understood; however, their isolation or identification is not always associable with the current pathology. In this complex context, lung lesions registered at slaughterhouse or during necropsy, and supplemented by histological investigations, must be considered as powerful tools for assigning a prominent role to etiologic agents. In recent years, the goal of colocalizing causative agents with the lesions they produce has been frequently applied, and valid examples in routine diagnostics are those that indicate pulmonary involvement during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections.
Highlights
Respiratory disease is one of the main causes of production losses in the global swine industry, and porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a primary source [1]
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Sci. 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW Another exception is pneumonia caused by SIV: the pathogenesis is aerogenou6s,ofbu18t the lesion is a tan consolidation of cranial lobes [19] associated with multifocal lobular consolidation of the caudal lobes [22]
Summary
Respiratory disease is one of the main causes of production losses in the global swine industry, and porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a primary source [1]. Even though many potential bacterial pathogens colonize the nasal cavity or tonsils of pigs, normal respiratory defense mechanisms prevent damage or spread to the lungs Based on their ability to damage the upper airway epithelium, injure the lung parenchyma, and promote secondary bacterial colonization, the primary viral pathogens are able to influence the development and outcome of PRDC [13]. Some bacterial agents such as Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida [14], Streptococcus suis [10,15], and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae [16] (Table 1) may act as both primary and secondary invaders depending on the situation. The aim of this review is to highlight the role and the limits of gross and microscopic pathology, to provide an etiologic indication in the diagnosis of the primary swine respiratory diseases, with a particular focus on the epidemiological situation in European countries
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