Abstract
Various abiotic stresses affect growth and development of plants and two important cues that cause to sever decrease the horticultural and crops yield are the heat and chilling stresses worldwide. Plants have various mechanisms to tolerate or avoid the stresses; one of these mechanisms is the biosynthesis of organic solutes. In this paper, effects of chilling (0-15 °C) stress on the horticultural (ornamental and vegetable) plants and crops are discussed. You will see that plants how to tolerate the stress by organic solutes. The most important organic molecules to regulate water relations in plants are introduced. The organic solutes that also are called osmo-protectants include soluble carbohydrates, amino acids and nitrogen compounds.
Highlights
During optimum processes of growth and development, various kinds of stresses, including drought, heat, UV light, air pollution, and pathogen factors have an influence on plants (Rivero et al, 2001)
Maybe only ≤10% of farms in the world is without major environmental stresses (Ashraf et al, 2007)
Proline and glycine betaine as main organic compounds are biosynthesized in crops under environmental stresses, including UV radiation, water deficit, severe changes of temperatures, salinity and heavy metals
Summary
During optimum processes of growth and development, various kinds of stresses, including drought, heat, UV light, air pollution, and pathogen factors have an influence on plants (Rivero et al, 2001). Tolerance mechanisms to environmental stresses are very complicated at entire plant and cell levels (Figure 1) The reason of this is the complexities of the stress agents and different phenomena (including molecule, biochemistry and physiology) interactions that affect growth and development of plants. Plants mostly experience the damages physiologically and biochemically when temperature is higher or lower than optimum These injuries affect the majority of metabolic processes, and reduce growth rates of plants and cause lower economic performance. Plant cells similar to the other organisms understand and process signals by different receptors on the cell surface, which are exposed to (Upadhyaya et al, 2013) This may cause the cellular adaptive reactions alike, including production of compatible osmolytes, expression of stress proteins, and activation of scavenging systems of ROS.
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