Abstract
Halitosis is a common ailment concerning 15% to 60% of the human population. Halitosis can be divided into extra-oral halitosis (EOH) and intra-oral halitosis (IOH). The IOH is formed by volatile compounds, which are produced mainly by anaerobic bacteria. To these odorous substances belong volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), aromatic compounds, amines, short-chain fatty or organic acids, alcohols, aliphatic compounds, aldehydes, and ketones. The most important VSCs are hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and methyl mercaptan. VSCs can be toxic for human cells even at low concentrations. The oral bacteria most related to halitosis are Actinomyces spp., Bacteroides spp., Dialister spp., Eubacterium spp., Fusobacterium spp., Leptotrichia spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Porphyromonas spp., Prevotella spp., Selenomonas spp., Solobacterium spp., Tannerella forsythia, and Veillonella spp. Most bacteria that cause halitosis are responsible for periodontitis, but they can also affect the development of oral and digestive tract cancers. Malodorous agents responsible for carcinogenesis are hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde.
Highlights
Halitosis is a common problem that manifests as an unpleasant and disgusting odor emanating from the mouth [1]
Halitosis can be divided into extra-oral halitosis (EOH) and intra-oral halitosis (IOH) [2,3,5]
volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), which are the in halitosis patients, the most abundant volatile compounds in the oral cavity belonged to the most abundant organic compounds in the most abundant organic compounds in the most abundant organic compounds in most abundant organic compounds in alkanes or alkane derivatives, therein methyl benzene, tetramethyl butane, and ethanol mostthe often described compounds in IOH, the lowest value of odor threshold has methyl mercaptan, In
Summary
Halitosis is a common problem that manifests as an unpleasant and disgusting odor emanating from the mouth [1]. Oral malodor is an embarrassing condition that affects a large percentage of the human population. This condition often results in nervousness, humiliation, and social difficulties, such as the inability to approach people and speak to them [2,3,4,5,6]. The factors that increase the likelihood of halitosis include periodontal diseases, dry mouth, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits, diabetes, and obesity. The medications which can cause extra-oral halitosis were categorized into 10 groups: acid reducers, aminothiols, anticholinergics, antidepressants, antifungals, antihistamines and steroids, antispasmodics, chemotherapeutic agents, dietary supplements, and organosulfur substances [18]. Many practitioner for diagnosis and management [19,20].
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