The role of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics in the prophylaxis of chronic non-communicable diseases

Abstract

Over the past several decades there has been an increase in the number of chronic noncommunicable diseases worldwide largely due to changes in diet and lifestyle, as well as exposure to adverse environmental factors. The so-called omics technologies (genomic, proteomic, metabolomic and transcriptomic) are used as tools for comprehensive analysis and monitoring of human health. Currently, genomic and post-genomic technologies are used to study the effects of various nutrients on human health. The purpose of the review was to summarize and analyze modern omics technologies used in the prevention of non-communicable diseases associated with human dietary habits. Material and methods. The literature search was carried out using PubMed, eLibrary, ResearchGate and ScienceDaily databases using the keywords "nutrigenetics", "nutrigenomics", "SNP", as well as the names of specific factors, genes and diseases. Results. The review provides up-to-date information on the role of knowledge of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics in the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. Examples of the influence of specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms and genetic variations on various aspects of nutrition are given, from which recommendations for correcting the diet of carriers of these alleles to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity follow. Examples of nutrient influence on gene expression are also given and some genetic markers of metabolic disorders which can lead to diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, inflammatory diseases of the colon, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer are listed. Recommendations are given on the practical use of the knowledge gained during nutrigenomic studies on the effect of nutrient intake on the risk of non-communicable diseases for their prevention. Conclusion. The practical use of omics technologies can provide a more effective prevention of non-communicable diseases, contributing to an increase in the quality of life and the preservation of labor longevity of the population.