The Role of Nutrients in Prevention, Treatment and Post-Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19).

Maria Letizia Motti,Valentina De Falco,Lorenzo Donini,Domenico Tafuri,Filomena Mazzeo,Maria Teresa Masucci

doi:10.3390/nu14051000

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 virus, infecting human cells via its spike protein, causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is characterized by shortness of breath, fever, and pneumonia and is sometimes fatal. Unfortunately, to date, there is still no definite therapy to treat COVID-19. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) approved only supportive care. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to maintain a correct intake of nutrients to support very weakened patients in overcoming disease arose. The literature available on nutrient intake for COVID-19 is mainly focused on prevention. However, the safe intake of micro- and/or macro-nutrients can be useful either for preventing infection and supporting the immune response during COVID-19, as well as in the post-acute phase, i.e., “long COVID”, that is sometimes characterized by the onset of various long lasting and disabling symptoms. The aim of this review is to focus on the role of nutrient intake during all the different phases of the disease, including prevention, the acute phase, and finally long COVID.

Highlights

The etiological agent of COVID-19 (CoronavirusDisease 19) was named SARS-CoV-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) on 11 February 2020, by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1].SARS-CoV-2 was detected for the first time in December of 2019 in in Wuhan (Hubei), China [2]
The aim of this review is to focus on the role of nutrient intake during all the different phases of the disease, including prevention, the acute phase, and long COVID
The development of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 had a negative impact on the efficacy of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies therapy

Summary

Introduction

The etiological agent of COVID-19 (CoronavirusDisease 19) was named SARS-CoV-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) on 11 February 2020, by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1].SARS-CoV-2 was detected for the first time in December of 2019 in in Wuhan (Hubei), China [2]. The etiological agent of COVID-19 (CoronavirusDisease 19) was named SARS-CoV-2. (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) on 11 February 2020, by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. SARS-CoV-2 was detected for the first time in December of 2019 in in Wuhan (Hubei), China [2]. SARS-CoV-2 spread throughout the world by rapid viral person-toperson infection [3]. The virus reached most countries in the world in less than six months and on 30 January 2020, it was named “the first pandemic of the 21st century” by the World Health Organization (WHO) [4]. SARS-CoV-2 is an envelope RNA- virus with a positive sense RNA genome (30 kb long) encoding four structural proteins, spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N). It has in total 11 genes, with 11 open reading frames (ORFs) [5]

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