Abstract
Nucleon-induced pre-equilibrium reactions are predominantly direct reactions. At low incident energies, excitation of all but the lowest energy collective states can be well described in terms of one-step reactions that produce particle-hole pairs. As the incident energy increases, the probability of exciting a nucleon to the continuum rather than to a bound particle state also increases. These knockout nucleons can escape the nucleus or induce secondary collisions that create still other continuum or bound particle-hole pairs. We discuss their role in pre-compound nuclear reactions here, first in a semiclassical Monte Carlo description of the reaction and then in a quantum one-step calculation.
Highlights
An incident energy of about 20 MeV, nucleon-induced pre-equilibrium reactions are dominated by direct reactions
An important characteristic of nucleon-induced pre-equilibrium reactions is that their early stages are dominated by collisions that increase the number of particle-hole pairs [3, 11]
Nucleon-induced pre-equilibrium reactions are dominated by direct reactions
Summary
An incident energy of about 20 MeV, nucleon-induced pre-equilibrium reactions are dominated by direct reactions. Quantum mechanical models of such multi-step direct reactions were developed many years ago [1,2,3] and have been studied and improved many times over since [4,5,6,7] In these models, a leading continuum particle initiates the reaction and remains in the continuum as it scatters repeatedly from the nucleus to produce successive particle-hole pairs. As the incident energy increases, the probability of exciting a nucleon to the continuum rather than to a bound particle state increases [8] These knockout nucleons can escape the nucleus or induce secondary collisions that create still other continuum or bound particle-hole pairs. They are not taken into account in the MSD models developed until now
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