The Role of Norm Entrepreneurship in Nation-Building: Sheikh Zayed of the United Arab Emirates

Abstract

Focussing on Sheikh Zayed, the founder of the United Arab Emirates, this paper examines the way norm entrepreneurship functions in nation-building. As an effectual norm entrepreneur who championed certain transformative nation-building norms, Sheikh Zayed transformed the UAE into a modern state without sacrificing its traditional identity. Politically, these norms include the adoption of federalism as a governing mechanism, his practice of consultative and consensus governance, adherence to an unwritten social contract between rulers and citizens, and the promotion of philanthropy as a tool of foreign policy. Socially, Sheikh Zayed promoted tolerance, empowered women, and provided a safety net for the vulnerable. Economically, his economic philosophy was pragmatic and effectively distributed wealth, set up a sovereign fund, diversified the economy, invested in economic and social infrastructure, and pursued environmental conservation.