Abstract
Various methods of force measurement with the atomic force microscope are compared for their ability to accurately determine the tip–surface force from analysis of the nonlinear cantilever motion. It is explained how intermodulation, or the frequency mixing of multiple drive tones by the nonlinear tip–surface force, can be used to concentrate the nonlinear motion in a narrow band of frequency near the cantilever’s fundamental resonance, where accuracy and sensitivity of force measurement are greatest. Two different methods for reconstructing tip–surface forces from intermodulation spectra are explained. The reconstruction of both conservative and dissipative tip–surface interactions from intermodulation spectra are demonstrated on simulated data.
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