Abstract
An approximate analysis is presented to describe the flow field in molten steel held in a ladle, as caused by natural convection. It is shown that a thick (say 8 to 14 in.) slag layer is required to suppress extensive vertical mixing within the ladle. It is also shown that natural convection caused by the contact of the metal with the cold ladle walls may produce mass flow rates of the order of 2 to 3 tons per min for typical 100 to 150 ton ladles. If ladles are tapped at comparable rates, then this pehnomenon can effectively prevent mixing in the bulk. The resultant stratification may be desirable in tundish temperature control.
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