Abstract
Simple SummaryInvasive species can be harmful to native species, although this fact could be more complex when some natives eventually benefit from invaders. Faced with this paradox, we show how the invasive monk parakeet, the only parrot species that builds its nests with sticks, can host other species as tenants, increasing nest-site availability for native but also exotic species. This same pattern is observed in the native range of the species, and when parakeets occupy urban or rural habitats, although the richness of tenants was higher in invaded areas and rural habitats. Tenants participated in the cooperative defense against predators, benefiting parakeets with their presence. As tenants can be both native and invasive species, management plans should consider the complex network of interactions developed with the invader.While most of the knowledge on invasive species focuses on their impacts, little is known about their potential positive effects on other species. Invasive ecosystem engineers can disrupt recipient environments; however, they may also facilitate access to novel resources for native species. The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is a worldwide invader and the only parrot that builds its own communal nests, which can be used by other species. However, the ecological effects of these interspecific interactions are barely known. We compared the role of the monk parakeet as a nest-site facilitator in different rural and urban areas, both invaded and native, across three continents and eight breeding seasons. A total of 2690 nests from 42 tenant species, mostly cavity-nesting birds, were recorded in 26% of 2595 monk parakeet nests. Rural and invaded areas showed the highest abundance and richness of tenant species. Multispecies communal nests triggered interspecific aggression between the monk parakeet host and its tenants, but also a cooperative defense against predators. Despite the positive effects for native species, monk parakeets also facilitate nesting opportunities to other non-native species and may also transmit diseases to tenants, highlighting the complexity of biotic interactions in biological invasions.
Highlights
Biotic interactions are important ecological and evolutionary drivers of community composition and richness [1]
The ability of monk parakeets to build nests that may be used by other vertebrate species [17,18,19,20,21,22,23] increases breeding site availability in a system, this species can be considered as an ecosystem engineer [24]
The external stick conglomerate of monk parakeet nests was used as a nesting substrate in which tenants added extra vegetal nest material or built a loosely woven nest of vegetal fibers on the structure (Figure 1c)
Summary
Biotic interactions are important ecological and evolutionary drivers of community composition and richness [1]. Most studies on biotic relationships among non-native and native species have long been focused on antagonistic interactions (predation and competition), which are among the main factors of biodiversity loss [3,4,5,6]. Unlike the other parrot species, monk parakeets build their own nests, a large structure of sticks located in trees or human construction such as pylons [14]. These nests normally include several chambers, each occupied by a different pair or kin groups that cooperate in the maintenance, breeding, and defense of the whole colony [14,15,16]. The ability of monk parakeets to build nests that may be used by other vertebrate species [17,18,19,20,21,22,23] increases breeding site availability in a system, this species can be considered as an ecosystem engineer [24]
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