The role of mitochondrial injury in bromobenzene and furosemide induced hepatotoxicity

Abstract

Bromobenzene (BB) and furosemide (FS) are two hepatotoxicants whose bioactivation to reactive intermediates is crucial to the development of liver injury. However, the events which lead to hepatocellular toxicity following metabolite formation and covalent binding to cellular macromolecules remain unknown. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of administered BB and FS on mitochondrial total glutathione (GSH+GSSG, henceforth referred to as glutathione) content and respiratory function as potential initiating mechanisms of the hepatotoxicity of these compounds in the mouse. Bromobenzene (2 g/kg i.p.) significantly decreased mitochondrial glutathione to 48% of control at 3 h post administration, and to 41% at 4 h. This decrease in mitochondrial glutathione was subsequent to a significant decrease in cytosolic glutathione to 64 and 28% of control at 1 and 2 h, respectively. Oxygen consumption supported by complex I (glutamate-supported) of the respiratory chain was not inhibited by BB until 4 h, where state 3 (active) respiration was reduced to 16% of control. This resulted in a decreased respiratory control ratio (RCR) for complex I-supported respiration. Complex II (succinate)-supported state 3 and state 4 respiration were unaffected by BB until 4 h, at which time they were reduced to 57 and 48% of control, respectively. However, the similar reductions in state 3 and state 4 respiratory rates did not alter the corresponding RCR for complex II. Overt hepatic injury was detected at 4 h, with plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity increasing significantly at this time point. In contrast to the effects of BB, FS administration (400 mg/kg i.p.) did not alter mitochondrial or cytosolic glutathione, and had no effect on respiration supported by complex I or II for up to 5 h following dosing. However, ALT activity was significantly increased 5 h following FS administration. These results suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory function coinciding with a decrease in mitochondrial glutathione content may be crucial to the initiation of BB-induced hepatotoxicity, while such events are not required for the initiation of FS -induced hepatotoxicity.