Abstract
RNA interference is a known phenomenon of plant immune responses, involving the regulation of gene expression. The key components triggering the silencing of targeted sequences are double-stranded RNA molecules. The regulation of host–pathogen interactions is controlled by miRNA molecules, which regulate the expression of host resistance genes or the genes of the pathogen. The review focused on basic principles of RNA interference as a gene-silencing-based defense mechanism and the role of miRNA molecules in insect genomes. RNA interference as a tool for plant protection management is discussed. The review summarizes current miRNA-based biotechnology approaches for plant protection management.
Highlights
The Role of RNA Interference in Plant Immune SystemsThree types of RNA play a role in the process of transcription and translation of genetic information: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA
MiRNAs are 21–24 nt long and are generated from hairpin-like structures of RNA, and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are generated from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) [4]
The hairpin structures are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where these precursor molecules are cleaved to a miRNA duplex, RNA-induced silencing complex (RICS), which negatively regulates gene expression by inhibiting gene translation or degrading coding mRNAs by a perfect or near perfect complement to target mRNAs [21,23,27,31]
Summary
Three types of RNA play a role in the process of transcription and translation of genetic information: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. The process of RNA interference occurs as a response to double-stranded RNA that mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids As effectors of sRNA-mediated regulation, contain several functional domains (PAZ, MID, and PIWI), each with different roles in small RNA processing [19]. Given their sequence relatedness, the Argonaute subfamily proteins associate with miRNAs and with siRNAs, whereas the piwi subfamily proteins bind piRNAs. the miRNA strand guides the cleavage-targeted mRNA sequences or inhibition of translation of complementary mRNA targets [20]
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