Abstract
Up-to-date studies emphasize the role of human urinary and intestinal microbiome in maintaining urogenital health. Both microbial flora and sexually transmitted pathogens may affect metabolic or immune mechanisms and consequently promote or inhibit prostate carcinogenesis. Hereby, we review the most current evidence regarding the microbial factors and their link to prostate cancer. We conducted a literature search up to December 2020. The microbial impact on prostate cancer initiation and progression is complex. The proposed mechanisms of action include induction of chronic inflammatory microenvironment (Propionibacterium spp., sexually-transmitted pathogens) and direct dysregulation of cell cycle (Helicobacter pylori, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus- KSHV, human papilloma virus 18- HPV18). Suppression of immune cell expression and downregulating immune-associated genes are also observed (Gardnerella vaginalis). Additionally, the impact of the gut microbiome proved relevant in promoting tumorigenesis (Bacteroides massiliensis). Nevertheless, certain microbes appear to possess anti-tumor properties (Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas spp.), such as triggering a robust immune response and apoptotic cancer cell death. The role of microbial factors in prostate cancer development is an emerging field that merits further studies. In the future, translating microbial research into clinical action may prove helpful in predicting diagnosis and potential outcomes of the disease.
Highlights
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among males in the United States [1]
The human microbiota can be defined as microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa, living in the epithelial barrier surfaces of the body [6]
This review explores the connections between the microbial factors and prostate cancer, with a specific focus on human microbiome, as well as exogenous, sexually transmitted pathogens
Summary
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among males in the United States [1]. Symbiotic equilibrium between the host and its microbiota is expected Various stressors, such as drugs, environmental factors, and exogenous pathogenic bacteria, can lead to dysbiosis and, eventually, promote many diseases, including cancer [8]. The microbiome possibly affects different stages of oncogenesis, from initiation to progression, as well as treatment efficacy This influence could be through direct interactions at the site of carcinogenesis and indirect mechanisms, such as regulating the immune system and metabolic changes [9]. Apart from the human microbiome, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been suggested to increase prostate cancer risk [10]. This review explores the connections between the microbial factors and prostate cancer, with a specific focus on human microbiome, as well as exogenous, sexually transmitted pathogens
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