Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a clinical syndrome, where both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and that with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) are involved. Although metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the pathological condition with a clustering of metabolic components and is a well known risk and prognostic factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD), its prevalence and clinical significance remain to be fully elucidated in CHF. In the nationwide large-scale clinical study, we enrolled 3,603 patients with Stage C/D CHF from 6 institutes in Japan.
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