The Role of Manual Dexterity and Cognitive Functioning in Enhancing Resident Operative Autonomy

Abstract

Autonomy, both operative and nonoperative, is one of the most critical aspects of successful surgical training. Both surgeon and resident share the responsibility of achieving this goal. We hypothesize that operative autonomy is distinct and depends, for the most part, on the resident's manual dexterity, knowledge of, and preparation for the procedure. Over a period of 4 academic years, between July 2014 and June 2018, a total of 958 Global Rating Scale of Operative Performance evaluations were completed by 32 general and subspecialty faculty surgeons for 35 residents. Elective procedures were evaluated, including 165 (17.2%) by postgraduate year (PGY)1 residents, 253 (26.4%) by PGY2, 199 (20.8%) by PGY3, 147 (15.3%) by PGY4, and 194 (20.3%) by PGY5. The procedures evaluated were: 261 (27.2%) hernia repairs; 178 (18.6%) cholecystectomies; 102 (10.6%) colorectal and anal procedures; 73 (7.6%) vascular procedures; 56 (5.8%) thyroid and parathyroidectomies; 39 (4.1%) foregut (esophagus and stomach) procedures; 38 (4%) skin, soft tissue, and breast; 92 (10%) hepatopancreatic; 20 (2.1%) pediatric procedures; and 99 (10.3%) other procedures including amputations, cardiothoracic, and solid organs procedures. Each resident was scored from 1 to 5 (1 lowest, 5 highest) in each of the following categories of Global Rating Scale of Operative Performance: respect for tissue (RT), time and motion (T&M), instrument handling (IH), knowledge of the instrument (KI), flow of operation (FO) and resident's preparation for the procedure (RP). Resident operative autonomy (ROA) was assessed using the Zwisch scale, a 4-point scale describing faculty supervision behaviors associated with different degrees of resident autonomy (1: Show and Tell, 2: Active Help, 3: Passive Help, and 4: Supervision Only). Correlation and ordinal regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between ROA and manual dexterity (RT, T&M, IH, and FO), and cognitive functioning (knowledge of instruments and resident preparation). Results indicated a positive correlation between ROA and RT (r = 0.528, p < 0.001), T&M (r = 0.630, p < 0.001), IH (r = 0.597, p < 0.001), KI (r = 0.490, p < 0.001), FO (r = 0.637, p < 0.001), and RP (r = 0.525, p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a weak inverse correlation between ROA and the number of years the surgeon had been in practice (r = -0.127, p = 0.001). The significant predictors of resident autonomy found by the ordinal logistic regression include time and motion (p < 0.001), flow of operation (p < 0.001), and resident's preparation for the procedure (p < 0.001). Resident operative autonomy is a product of shared responsibility between the faculty and resident. However, residents' inherent and/or acquired skills and preparation for the operative procedures play a critical role. Residents should be advised to use available resources such as simulation to augment their skills preoperatively and to enhance their autonomy in the operating room.