Abstract
Cells display a set of RNA molecules at one time point, reflecting thus the cellular transcriptional steady state, configuring therefore its transcriptome. It is basically composed of two different classes of RNA molecules; protein-coding RNAs (cRNAs) and protein non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Sequencing of the human genome and subsequently the ENCODE project identified that more than 80% of the genome is transcribed in some type of RNA. Importantly, only 3% of these transcripts correspond to protein-coding RNAs, pointing that ncRNAs are as important or even more as cRNAs. ncRNAs have pivotal roles in development, differentiation and disease. Non-coding RNAs can be classified into two distinct classes according to their length; i.e., small (<200 nt) and long (>200 nt) noncoding RNAs. The structure, biogenesis and functional roles of small non-coding RNA have been widely studied, particularly for microRNAs (miRNAs). In contrast to microRNAs, our current understanding of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is limited. In this manuscript, we provide state-of-the art review of the functional roles of long non-coding RNAs during cardiac development as well as an overview of the emerging role of these ncRNAs in distinct cardiac diseases.
Highlights
The cell transcriptome can be defined as the set of RNA molecules present on it at one time point, reflecting the cellular transcriptional steady state
We provide state-of-the art review of the functional roles of long non-coding RNAs during cardiac development as well as an overview of the emerging role of these ncRNAs in distinct cardiac diseases
GENCODE annotation initially estimated the existence of 9640 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) genes in the human genome [7] while recently the NONCODE database has increased this number up to 96,308 lncRNA genes [8]
Summary
The cell transcriptome can be defined as the set of RNA molecules present on it at one time point, reflecting the cellular transcriptional steady state It is basically composed of two different classes of RNA molecules; protein-coding RNAs (cRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) (Figure 1). The development of new massive sequencing techniques has led to the discovery and annotation of a large number of long non-coding RNAs. GENCODE annotation initially estimated the existence of 9640 lncRNA genes in the human genome [7] while recently the NONCODE database has increased this number up to 96,308 lncRNA genes [8]. Such estimates indicate that the number of lncRNAs is twice that coding genes, supporting an important role of these lcnRNA
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