Abstract
Humans depend on the vital services provided by natural ecosystems. Regrettably, some individuals believe these ecosystem services are free; and therefore, have no value. An under-appreciated service provided by ecosystems is strengthening childhood development through interaction with nature to enhance childhood cognitive and physical development. The development of a child's physical and cognitive abilities is complex with studies indicating multiple determinants and varied time scales. Childhood development is the product of many natural, social and built environmental attributes. While the impacts of social and built environments on childhood development are clearly described in the scientific literature, the role of natural environment is less clear. Even though people do not pay for this ecosystem service in a conventional sense, the loss of this service can result in a significant cost to humans through slower cognitive and physical development in children. Deprivation of these exposures to natural ecosystems can diminish a child's development and eventually their underlying quality of life. While the impact of nature on childhood development is understood by most child developmental psychologists, this impact is under-appreciated by non-social scientists studying the contributions of ecosystem services in society. The complicated and symbiotic interactions of natural ecosystems, their services and childhood development are poorly acknowledged in the ecological literature. In this article, the important role of natural ecosystems and their services in childhood cognitive and physical development are examined through an examination of studies assessing this childhood development-ecosystem service connection.
Highlights
Childhood cognitive development is a series of progressive of stages involving multiple interactions among stages that is the result of continuing experiences with the natural environment [1]
The purpose of this review is to examine the positive aspects that exposure to the natural environment provides a child in his/her formative years for psychological and cognitive development, physical development, and development of independence, team building, creativity and self-concept
It seems clear that these types of ecosystem services, provided by Nature without explicit costs, are underappreciated as a type of ecosystem service in the present ecological literature describing intermediate and final ecosystem goods and services
Summary
Childhood cognitive development is a series of progressive of stages involving multiple interactions among stages that is the result of continuing experiences with the natural environment [1]. Environmental psychological theory suggests that contact with nature is important because it promotes a child’s creativity and imagination, intellectual and cognitive development and boosts social relationships [3,4,5]. Basic theories of education suggest interaction with nature enhances a child’s knowledge of nature, establishes their emotional, cognitive and spiritual connection to the world, and promotes their understanding of their place in the world [6,7,8,9]. James Kevin Summers et al.: The Role of Interaction with Nature in Childhood Development: An
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