The role of immunohistochemical expression of OCT-4 and SOX2 as predictors of recurrence and progression in superficial urinary bladder carcinoma

Abstract

BackgroundTumor recurrence and progression are two important landmarks in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. Periodic cystoscopic follow-up visits of NMIBC patients are necessary after complete tumor resection as tumor recurrence occurs in nearly 70–80% of cases. Patients with a hi