Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in inflammation and host responses to infection (for reviews, see refs. 1–3). The original identification of IL-1 as an endogenous pyrogen, lymphocyte-activating factor, hemopoietin-1, and osteoclast-activating factor, serves to demonstrate its pleiotropic activity (4). IL-1, produced by cell types such as macrophages, monocytes, and synovial lining cells, induces inflammation by activating synovial cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Upon activation, these cells produce a variety of chemokines, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators (5), including IL-1 itself, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-8, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2; these molecules cause infiltration of leukocytes into inflammatory sites, increase the permeability of blood vessel walls, and induce fever (1,2,6).
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