The role of human actions in evolution and management of foredunes in The Netherlands and New Jersey, USA

Abstract

The rationale and methods of construction of foredunes in The Netherlands and New Jersey, USA are identified and used to explain their genesis, locations, mobil- ity, internal and external characteristics and temporal scales of evolution. Dunes are then ranked according to the degree they are modified by human processes. The lower level of protec- tion required of foredunes in New Jersey and the greater amount of modification by municipal managers and shore- front residents results in smaller dunes and greater variety of sizes, shapes, methods of construction and alterations. As a result, humans are considered intrinsic agents in evolution of dune landforms and landscapes. Higher, wider, better veg- etated foredunes occur in The Netherlands due to greater frequency of onshore winds and greater emphasis on sea defence at the national level. Natural processes play a greater role in the evolution of landforms. Human actions are consid- ered extrinsic at this scale but intrinsic at the scale of land- scapes. The change in foredunes from natural features to artifacts reveals the significance of humans in the modifica- tion of coastal landforms and reflects the changing perception of the role of these landforms in the coastal landscape.