Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Several studies have demonstrated that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have a role in NoV and RV infections since their presence on the gut epithelial surfaces is essential for the susceptibility to many NoV and RV genotypes. Polymorphisms in genes that code for enzymes required for HBGAs synthesis lead to secretor or non-secretor and Lewis positive or Lewis negative individuals. While secretor individuals appear to be more susceptible to RV infections, regarding NoVs infections, there are too many discrepancies that prevent the ability to draw conclusions. A second factor that influences enteric viral infections is the gut microbiota of the host. In vitro and animal studies have determined that the gut microbiota limits, but in some cases enhances enteric viral infection. The ways that microbiota can enhance NoV or RV infection include virion stabilization and promotion of virus attachment to host cells, whereas experiments with microbiota-depleted and germ-free animals point to immunoregulation as the mechanism by which the microbiota restrict infection. Human trials with live, attenuated RV vaccines and analysis of the microbiota in responder and non-responder individuals also allowed the identification of bacterial taxa linked to vaccine efficacy. As more information is gained on the complex relationships that are established between the host (glycobiology and immune system), the gut microbiota and intestinal viruses, new avenues will open for the development of novel anti-NoV and anti-RV therapies.
Highlights
The results showed that all three factors are interconnected
Many enteric viruses, such as NoV and RV, have developed mechanisms to continue infecting the host in the presence of a healthy gut microbiota, even to take advantage of it in some cases
Such bacteria could be used as biomarkers for vaccine efficacy and interventions that modify the microbiota composition in order to increase it could be envisaged [147]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) caused by viral infections is the most common type of diarrheal disease Enteric viruses such as human noroviruses (NoVs) and rotaviruses (RVs) are one of the most important causes of AGE and are known to cause diarrhea, dehydration, or vomiting among other symptoms, leading to the death of patients in the worst cases. Groups A, B, and C are the most common species that infect animals, including humans, with group A being the most prevalent This group is further classified into G and P genotypes depending on the variability of the genes encoding the outer capsid proteins VP7 and VP4, respectively [1]. (galactose-β-1→4-N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-lactosamine) precursors act as a substrate of the FUT2 enzyme, which modifies them by the addition of an L-fucose on the galactose moiety through an α-1→2 linkage, generating type-1 and type-2 H antigens, respectively. 1). substrates of A and B enzymes, giving A and/or B blood groups as a result [17,18] (Figure 1)
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