Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy is the fourth therapy after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. It has made great breakthroughs in the treatment of some epithelial tumors and hematological tumors. However, its adverse reactions are common or even more serious, and the response rate in some solid tumors is not satisfactory. With the maturity of genomics and metabolomics technologies, the effect of intestinal microbiota in tumor development and treatment has gradually been recognized. The microbiota may affect tumor immunity by regulating the host immune system and tumor microenvironment. Some bacteria help fight tumors by activating immunity, while some bacteria mediate immunosuppression to help cancer cells escape from the immune system. More and more studies have revealed that the effects and complications of tumor immunotherapy are related to the composition of the gut microbiota. The composition of the intestinal microbiota that is sensitive to treatment or prone to adverse reactions has certain characteristics. These characteristics may be used as biomarkers to predict the prognosis of immunotherapy and may also be developed as “immune potentiators” to assist immunotherapy. Some clinical and preclinical studies have proved that microbial intervention, including microbial transplantation, can improve the sensitivity of immunotherapy or reduce adverse reactions to a certain extent. With the development of gene editing technology and nanotechnology, the design and development of engineered bacteria that contribute to immunotherapy has become a new research hotspot. Based on the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and immunotherapy, the correct mining of microbial information and the development of reasonable and feasible microbial intervention methods are expected to optimize tumor immunotherapy to a large extent and bring new breakthroughs in tumor treatment.
Highlights
Malignant tumors are one of the major diseases that seriously threaten human health worldwide [1]
The review included a total of 15 clinical trials, and the results showed that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) monotherapy or combination therapy may lead to a higher overall survival rate, but their incidence of adverse reactions is higher [50]
The effect and complications of tumor immunotherapy are related to the composition of the intestinal microbiota
Summary
Malignant tumors are one of the major diseases that seriously threaten human health worldwide [1]. With the rapid development of tumor immunity research, immunotherapy has gradually become a promising new anticancer method, mainly represented by programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor [2, 3]. It can achieve better results in the treatment of some advanced tumors, and some patients can even be completely relieved. Studies have found that gut microbiota participates in many important physiological activities of the human body, such as digestion, metabolism, defense response, and immune regulation, and plays an eventful role in the process of balancing health and disease, including regulating autoimmunity and malignant tumor progression [4, 5]. Journal of Immunology Research immunotherapy, in order to provide new ideas for optimizing tumor immunotherapy
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