The role of ghrelin and leptin in the formation of morphological changes esophagus of patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease against type 2 diabetes

Objective — to study the levels of ghrelin and leptin, depending on the body mass index (BMI) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) against the background of type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM), to determine their role in the GERD formation and progression against T2DM background and to build a prognostic model for the GERD development in presence of T2DM. Materials and methods. Examinations involved 120 patients (44 (44%) men and 56 (56%) women) who were divided into 3 groups: 1st group included 60 patients with comorbid GERD and T2DM, the 2nd group consisted of 20 patients with isolated GERD, and the 3rd group — 20 patients with T2DM. The control group consisted of 20 age‑matching practically healthy persons. The levels of ghrelin and leptin were determined by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on a Labline‑90 analyzer (Austria). Results. Patients of the 2nd group demonstrated significantly maximal ghrelin levels 1.54±0.36 ng/mL, and leptin levels were significantly highest in the 1st group 18.87±1.22 ng/mL. Patients of the 1st group with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 had higher values of serum leptin 25.34±1.51 ng/mL and lower values of ghrelin 0.65±0.02 ng/mL (р <0.001) when compared with subjects with normal or slightly excessed body weight. In patients of both 1st and 2nd groups, the correlation between BMI and leptin levels was significant, direct and strong (ρ=+0.89016 and ρ=+0.82493, respectively), that is, with an increase in the serum leptin levels, an increase in BMI should be expected. Dependence of BMI from ghrelin levels was significant, inverse, of medium strength (ρ=–0.6864 and ρ=–0.6635). In group 3 patients, significantly strong direct correlation between BMI and leptin (ρ=0.935245) and significantly strong inverse correlation between BMI and ghrelin (ρ=–0.7740) were found. A prognostic model of GERD development against T2DM background has been built, which considered the following parameters: levels of ghrelin, leptin, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin resistance index (NOMA‑IR), BMI and the level of very low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol. According to the formula, the diagnosis of GERD is positive if Y >0.5 and negative if Y <0.5. According to the ROC analysis, it was established that the sensitivity of the obtained prognostic formula was 96.2%; specificity 75.0%. Conclusions. The obtained data showed that ghrelin and leptin play an important role in the formation and progression of GERD against T2DM background, and changes in the levels of these adipocytokines are among the factors that significantly complicate the clinical course of GERD and T2DM. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine whether leptin and ghrelin play a causal role in this relationship, or whether they are, after all, circulating biomarkers that improve insulin sensitivity and have anti‑inflammatory effects.

Relevance: Objective assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in patients with acute trauma received in combat conditions is a necessary condition for effective comprehensive treatment of sensorineural hearing disorders in such patients. Purpose: to study the quantitative and qualitative indicators of cerebral blood circulation in servicemen who received repeated acute trauma in real combat conditions, taking into account the state of auditory function. Materials and methods: Rheoencephalography indicators were analyzed in 75 patients with repeated acute trauma, who were divided into three groups of 25 people each depending on the severity of sensorineural deafness: mild, moderate and severe hearing impairment according to the international classification - 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups, respectively. Fifteen healthy individuals with normal hearing served as controls. We analyzed a total of 90 rheoencephalograms. The examination was carried out with the help of a computer rheograph of the company "DX - systems" (Ukraine). Results and discussion: According to the data of subjective audiometry, the subjects had sensorineural deafness with a descending, often abrupt, type of audiometric curve. Normal indicators of the state of cerebral blood circulation according to REG were not registered in any patient with repeated combat acute trauma. The examined patients had changes in the tone of cerebral vessels and obstruction of venous outflow, as well as a decrease in pulse blood filling, both in the carotid and in the vertebral-basilar systems. Thus, venous outflow obstruction occurred in the 1st group in 58,42 %, in the 2nd group – 86,91 %, in the 3rd group – 89,93 %. Cases of decreased tone: in the 1st group in 27,18 %, in the 2nd group – 18,12 %, in the 3rd group – 18,72 %. Unstable vascular tone was registered in 39,85 % of patients in the 1st group, 46,35 % in the 2nd group, and 49,85 % in the 3rd group. Reduction of pulse blood filling in the 1st group was recorded in 69,12 % of cases, in patients of the 2nd group – in 89,76 %, in patients of the 3rd group – in 94,36 %. Cerebral blood circulation disorders in the examined patients with repeated acute trauma, especially in the vertebral-basilar system, were evidenced by changes in the quantitative indicators α, dicrotic (DKI), diastolic (DSI) and rheographic (Pi) indexes of the REG curve in both systems of cerebral blood supply. Thus, in the carotid system in subgroups B, the DKI was in the 1st group – 48,26±0,85 %, in the 2nd group – 48,29±1,02 %, in the 3rd group – 58,34±0,50 %; DSI was 49,39±0,85 % in the 1st group, 49,40±1,04 % in the 2nd group, and 59,73±1,01 % in the 3rd group. Note that we observed a decrease in Ri in all studied groups and subgroups of patients with repeated combat acute trauma, regardless of the degree of auditory function impairment or decrease or increase in the tone of cerebral vessels. So, in the vertebral-basilar system, the Ri in subgroups B in the 1st group was 0,75±0,04, in the 2nd group – 0,53±0,05, in the 3rd group – 0,58±0,05. Thus, in patients with sensorineural hearing disorders after repeated combat acute trauma, there are significant deviations from the norm in the state of cerebral blood circulation according to REG, especially in the vertebral-basilar system, more pronounced in deeper lesions of the auditory analyzer. Conclusions 1. In patients with sensorineural hearing disorders after repeated combat acute trauma, there are substantial deviations from the norm in the state of cerebral blood circulation according to REG data, more pronounced in deeper lesions of the auditory analyzer. 2. Decreases in Ri occur in all studied patients with repeated combat trauma, regardless of the degree of impaired auditory function or decrease or increase in the tone of cerebral vessels. 3. According to REG data, servicemen with repeated combat acute trauma have impaired cerebral blood circulation, with the predominant complications being venous outflow, decreased pulse blood flow, and a tendency to decrease tone, or unstable tone of cerebral vessels. Significant (р<0,05) deviations from the norm in DKI and Ri indicators indicate pronounced cerebral blood circulation disorders in repeated combat acute trauma, especially in severe auditory disorders. Keywords: sensorineural disorders, cerebral hemodynamic, acute trauma, cardiovascular system.

Purpose : Ghrelin, being secreted from the stomach, stimulates growth hormone secretion and controls energy homeostasis by increasing appetite. Leptin, being secreted from the adipocytes, controls weight and energy homeostasis by decreasing appetite. Leptin concentration is reported to increase after childhoodcancer therapy. This study was aimed to compare ghrelin and leptin concentrations in normal children and children who received cancer therapy. Methods : We enrolled forty-three patients who were diagnosed with cancer and received radiotherapy or chemotherapy during Dec. 2004 through Dec. 2005 in St. Marys hospital and Kangnam St. Marys hospital. Forty-five healthy children were selected as a control group whose age, gender, weight and height were similar to those of cancer group. The serum leptin and ghrelin concentrations were alsomeasured by radioimmunoassay. Results : The cancer group showed higher BMI and leptin concentrations. The control group showed higher concentrations of ghrelin. Both control and cancer groups revealed positive correlations between leptin concentrations and BMI. Ghrelin concentrations in the control group showed negative correlations with age, height, weight and BMI but no significant correlation was found in the cancer group. All the parameters in the group treated with chemotherapy only were not different from those in the group treated with chemotherapy and irradiation. But the level of ghrelin in the acute myeloid leukemia group was much higher than those in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia group. Conclusion : Patients with pediatric cancer treatment have presented higher BMI and leptin concentrations but lower ghrelin concentrations than those in healthy children. Because of the relatively short duration and cross sectional method of the study, however, further long term and prospective study will be required in the future.

Objective — to study the role of α‑lipoic acid (ALA) in the treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in combination with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
 Materials and methods. The study involved 120 subjects, who were divided into four groups: 1st group included 60 patients with GERD against the background of T2DM, 2nd group consisted of 20 patients with GERD and 3rd group included 20 patients with isolated T2DM. Additionally, the 1st group was divided into 2 subgroups: 25 patients receiving standard treatment and 29 patients receiving standard treatment + ALA supplementation. The control group consisted of 20 practically healthy age‑matching subjects. Ghrelin and leptin levels were determined by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on the analyzer «Labline‑90» (Austria).
 Results. The comparison of the standard treatment regimen and proposed treatment demonstrated significantly lower frequency of such symptoms as epigastric pain, regurgitation and symptoms, specific for ischemic heart disease, in the subgroup with the proposed treatment regimen (p <0.05). Investigation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a subgroup of patients receiving standard treatment, showed improvements in all parameters, but significant (p <0.05) improvement in patients on the standard therapy was recorded in glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels, and insulin resistance index (HOMA‑IR). In the subgroup receiving ALA, improvement was gained in the indices of glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, HOMA‑IR, triglycerides, cholesterol, high and very low‑density lipoproteins and atherogenicity coefficient. After the treatment in the subgroups of standard therapy and therapy with the ALA addition, an increase in ghrelin levels was registered from 0.99±0.41 to 1.09±0.45 ng/ml and from 0.93±0.52 to 1.22±0.59 ng/ml, respectively, and decrease in leptin levels from 19.04±9.48 to 16.66±7.14 ng/ml and from 20.75±9.09 to 16.39±6.88 ng/ml. However, in the first subgroup, the difference between the indicators before and after treatment did not reach the level of statistical significance (p=0.421 and p=0.320, respectively), while in the subgroup where ALA was used, the difference was significant (p <0.05).
 Conclusions. It has been established that ALA positively influences on the state of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, improving these parameters. The addition of ALA to the standard treatment for GERD against the background of type 2 diabetes showed significant improvement in the studied parameters. Since reference values for ghrelin and leptin levels have not been established yet, it can be assumed that increase in ghrelin and decrease in leptin levels against the background of decrease in well‑studied parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, have a positive impact on the clinical manifestation of GERD against T2DM background. This assumption may be used as a marker for effective treatment of GERD in combination with T2DM.

SARS-CoV2 infection can lead to severe cytokine storm especially in obese patients. Ghrelin acts not only as an appetite regulator but can also play a key role in the immune reaction. Leptin, secreted mainly by the white adipose tissue, can act as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. The crucial question is whether or not the cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients with obesity is linked to adipokine dysregulation. The aim of this study was to assess ghrelin and leptin concentrations in patients 6 months after SARS-CoV2 infection in comparison to a control group considering the influence of sex. The study group included 53 patients with a history of COVID-19 and 87 healthy subjects in the control group. Leptin and ghrelin concentrations as well as hormonal and biochemical parameters were measured. A significantly higher ghrelin concentration was observed in the COVID-19 group in comparison to the control group, with a statistically significant impact of sex on the relationship between COVID-19 and ghrelin concentration, which was lower in the males. No statistically significant differences in leptin concentration were observed between the groups. A significant negative correlation was observed between ghrelin and testosterone and morning cortisol levels in the COVID-19 group. The current study showed that ghrelin levels were significantly higher in patients 6 months after a mild course of SARS-CoV2 infection. To confirm the hypothetical protective role of ghrelin in the inflammatory process, it would be necessary to compare serum ghrelin levels between patients after mild and severe courses of COVID-19. Due to the small sample size and the lack of patients with a severe course of COVID-19, these observations need further investigation. There were no differences in leptin concentrations between the COVID-19 patients and the control group.

Introduction. The cervical spine has a high mobility and is prone to the development of degenerative and dystrophic changes (DDCH). Expanding the range of clinical diagnostic capabilities requires the active development of algorithms for specialized information analysis tools. Data on individual variability of the skeleton are in demand when planning minimal invasive surgical interventions. The comparison of such information with clinical practice data has become an important task for researchers. The study of anatomical variability is relevant in the search for more effective ways of performing neurosurgical interventions. Aim. A comparative analysis of transverse dimensions of the cervical vertebral bodies and transverse foramina in relation to the course of the vertebral arteries (VA) and manifestations of spinal DDCH. Materials and methods.A total of 214 magnetic resonance images were studied. The transverse size (width) of the cervical vertebral bodies and the average transverse size (width) of the transverse foramina (the distance between the medial and lateral walls of the transverse foramina) were determined. To assess the proportionality of the relationship between the abovementioned parameters, the average ratio of the transverse foramen width to the width of the body of the corresponding vertebra was calculated. Considering the DDCH of the cervical spine and the course of VA, 4 groups were identified: 1st group – without signs of DDCH and indirect VA (n = 20); 2nd group – without signs of DDCH and direct VA (n = 89); 3rd group – with signs of DDCH and indirect VA (n = 49); 4th group – with signs of DDCH and direct VA (n = 56). Results. The width of the transverse foramina of the C4–C6 vertebrae differed by 0.29–0.78 mm when comparing the 1st and 2nd groups, by 0.24–0.58 mm when comparing the 1st and 3rd groups (foramina on the left side were wider). The width of the C3, C6, C7 vertebral bodies when comparing the 1st and 4th groups differed by 0.8–1.2 mm; at the level of C3, C7 when comparing the 2nd and 3rd groups – by 0.35–0.53 mm. The mean values of the transverse foramina width/vertebral body width ratio in all groups ranged from 0.2 to 0.29. Significant differences were found for the C4–C6 vertebrae when comparing the 1st and 2nd groups; for the C4, C6 vertebrae – the 1st and 3rd groups; for the C5, C6 vertebrae – the 1st and 4th groups. Conclusion. In the diagnosis of spinal DDCH and the different course of VA, significant differences were found for the vertebral body width at the level of C6, C7. No significant differences were noted for the vertebral body width in groups differing only in the course of VA. In the absence of DDCH, differences were revealed for the transverse foramina width of the C4–C6 vertebrae and the ratio of the width of transverse foramina to vertebral body width. With the direct course of the vessels, there were no statistically significant differences associated with the detection of DDCH for the vertebrae and transverse foramina.

The present study was performed on 153 Iraqi cow buffaloes, suffered from ovarian inactivity after 60 days from calving, in Babylon province in the period from November 2012 to August 2013. The affected animals were divided into four groups randomly according to the hormonal treatment regime, 48 cow buffalo treated with 1000 I.U/I.M of PMSG in one does in day 60 postpartum, which represents the 1st group, while the 2nd group include 45 cow buffalo treated with 0.021mg/I.M of GnRH (Receptal) in one does in day 60 postpartum, but the 3 rd group (36 cow buffaloes) treated with hCG 1500 I.U/I.M in a single dose also after 60 days postpartum, while 4th group (24 cow buffalo) was represented the control group(without treatment). The response animals for different hormonal treatment were 87.2%, 80%, 69.4% and 54.1% for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th group respectively. The 1st group which treated with PMSG give higher significant differences (p<0.01) compared with other groups, also the 2nd group (treated with GnRH) record significant differences (p<0.01) compared with 3rd and 4th group. The duration of response also record higher significant differences (p< 0.01) between 1st and 2nd group compared with 3rd and 4th group, while the number of services per conception was no difference between all groups, but the pregnancy rate record superior significant differences (p<0.01) for the 1st group compared with other groups and reached to 85% but the 4th group (control group) record low ratio compared with treated groups. Finally, the days open was recorded superior significant differences between 1st and 2nd group compared with 3rd and 4th group, also the 4th group record long postpartum period (175.82± 13.56 days). They concluded in this study that the hormonal treatment still an important method to treat the ovarian inactivity and this fact depends on the many reproductive parameters which involve the rate of response animals, duration of response, number of services per conception, pregnancy rate and days open.

Poor maternal nutrition (restricted- and over-feeding) during gestation may alter leptin and ghrelin, key hormones in energy homeostasis and appetite control. They may also have a regulatory role in maternal metabolic adaptations critical during gestation to ensure optimal offspring growth and development. We hypothesized that restricted- and over-feeding during gestation would alter plasma concentrations of leptin and ghrelin in ewes and their offspring. Pregnant Western White-faced ewes were individually fed 60% (RES; n = 13), 100% (CON; n = 11), or 140% (OVER; n = 13) of NRC requirements for TDN starting on d 30±0.02 of gestation. Blood samples were collected in the morning from fasted pregnant ewes weekly from d 20 of gestation until parturition and from offspring (n = 31) within 24 hours after birth. Leptin and ghrelin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with main effects of treatment, day of gestation and their interaction. Leptin (P < 0.002) and ghrelin (P < 0.015) concentrations were altered in pregnant ewes between treatments within a day of gestation. At d 100 (P = 0.008) and d 128 (P = 0.04), RES ewes (5.392.58 ng/mL; 6.392.50 ng/mL) had decreased leptin concentrations compared with OVER ewes (14.972.48 ng/mL; 13.612.47 ng/mL), with CON ewes intermediate. RES ewes (0.260.04 ng/mL) had increased ghrelin concentrations compared with CON ewes at d 142 (0.150.04 ng/mL; P = 0.042), with OVER ewes intermediate. Leptin (P < 0.002) and ghrelin (P < 0.015) concentrations were altered between days of gestation within a dietary treatment. Leptin concentration increased across gestation in OVER ewes. In RES ewes, leptin concentration decreased and ghrelin concentration increased over gestation. Leptin (P = 0.5) and ghrelin (P = 0.5) concentrations in lambs were not different at birth. Alterations in leptin and ghrelin in ewes during gestation may disrupt critical metabolic adaptations that may contribute to suboptimal offspring growth and development.

Changes of cell-mediated and humoral immune response, absolute cell number and their phagocytic activity in peritoneal cavity at experimental thyrotoxicosis in rats

The level of serum hyaluronic acid & its connection with markers of inflammation in patients with combined course of osteoarthritis & type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aim – to find regular patterns in the morphometric characteristics for the bodies of the cervical vertebrae when performing measurements in the axial (transverse) plane in men and women with different severity of degenerative-dystrophic changes of the cervical spine. Material and methods. The material of the study was the tomograms of 75 men and 128 women aged 18 to 84 years, obtained on magnetic resonance tomographs with a magnetic field strength of 1 Tl and 1.5 Tl. The data was divided into several groups according to the patients' sex and severity of degenerative-dystrophic changes of the cervical spine. The length and width of the vertebral bodies in the axial plane were measured with the subsequent calculation of their ratio. Results. Significant differences were found between the 1st and 2nd groups for the width of C7-C4 in women, as well as for the length of C3 and width of C3, C2 in men. Significant difference in the ratio of the sizes of vertebral bodies was registered in the 1st and 2nd groups of women at the level of C7. When comparing the data of all observation groups among men, significant differences were noted in the 2nd and 3rd groups for C7, C6, C3. With progression of degenerative-dystrophic changes, the differences in length were significant for C7-C4, C2 vertebrae in the 1st group, for C7-C5, C2 – in the 2nd and C7, C6, C4-C2 in the 3rd group. In the group of men with pronounced changes in the cervical spine region, in most cases there was an increase in coefficients (with significant differences in data for the 2nd and 3rd groups). Conclusion. Among men, significant differences were observed between the 2nd and 3rd groups for C7, C6, C3. For the C2 vertebra, significant differences were noted, taking into account sex, for length in the 1st and 3rd groups, width – in the 1st and 2nd groups, when assessing the mutual ratio of the sizes of the vertebral bodies – in the 2nd and 3rd groups.

Introduction. A recent study found a relationship between bruxism, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and tooth loss, which may act in concert to attack tooth hard tissue both chemically (reflux) and mechanically (bruxism). Because bruxism is closely associated with symptomatic GERD, and patients with frequent bruxism symptoms tend to have GERD for long periods of time, dentists should consider assessment of GERD status as an integral part of the medical evaluation of bruxism, especially severe bruxism. The purpose of the study. To study the relationship between confirmed gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), bruxism, and erosive lesions of hard dental tissues in 119 patients aged 25–65. Research methods. 119 patients with confirmed GERD who applied to the Department of Orthopedic Stomatology, Digital Technologies and Implantology of the P. L. Shupyk National Hospital of Ukraine during 2021–2024 for the purpose of orthopedic treatment of the loss of hard tooth tissues took part in the study. Group 1 included 56 patients with a non-erosive form, and group 2 — 63 people with an erosive form of GERD. In turn, each of the research groups was further divided into subgroups A and B. Subgroup A included patients with a course of GERD up to 5 years, subgroup B — with a course of GERD more than 5 years. The control group included 17 patients without somatic pathology with a healthy oral cavity. The degree of loss of hard dental tissues was performed using the tooth wear index (TWI), and the assessment of the quality of life of patients with GERD and lesions of hard dental tissues was performed according to the OHIP-14 questionnaire (Oral Health Impact Profile). Statistical data analysis was performed using the STATISTICA program (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA). The results. In patients diagnosed with GERD, bruxism was found in 58.9% of patients of the 1st and 73.0% of the 2nd group. At the same time, in most cases in both groups, bruxism was detected in subgroups with GERD lasting more than 5 years. A slight loss of hard tissues was determined mainly in patients with GERD up to 5 years of age (3.6% in group 1 and 6.4% in group 2, respectively). The majority of patients of both groups with the course of GERD up to 5 years had a tooth wear index equal to 2 (30.4%—in the 1st and 19.0%— in the 2nd). At the same time, with a long course of GERD, 30.4% of patients of the 1st and 23.8% of patients of the 2nd group had pronounced loss of hard tissues of the teeth (IRR = 3). Complete loss of enamel with exposure of the pulp and exposure of secondary dentin was found in 12.5% of patients of the 1st group with a course of GERD for more than 5 years, in 25.4% of the 2nd (6.4% in subgroup A and in 19%—in subgroup B). According to all questions of the OHIP questionnaire, 14 patients with an erosive form and a long course of GERD had significantly worse indicators. Conclusion. We determined the connection between GERD, bruxism and erosive damage to the teeth. GERD was associated with all types of bruxism with different odds ratios. Long-term GERD led to pronounced loss of hard dental tissues (IRR = 3). It is necessary to emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of patients in this category, because somatic pathology can hide dental pathology, and vice versa. Keywords: gastroesophageal reflux disease, damage to hard dental tissues, bruxism, quality of life.

The aim of this study was to develop a method for modernizing quail meat production. Complex enzyme additives and lyophilized spore- forming bacteria Bacillus subtilis (strain DSMz 17299) were used to investigate the formation of quail meat. To assess the effects of additives, four groups were formed: a control group fed only the regular farm main ration, the 1st group with Bacillus subtilis added to the main ration, the 2nd group with an added fermentative complex based on endo-1,4-β-xylanase and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase, and the 3rd group fed a combination of these additives. During the study, quails were weighed weekly and slaughtered at 70 days of age, followed by evaluating the meat quality according to established control parameters. It was determined that in the control group, the total weight gain was 223.24%, in the 1st group—237.61%, in the 2nd group—227.29%, and in the 3rd group—244.35%. The survival rates in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and control groups were 91.32%, 89.66%, 95.02%, and 87.77%, respectively. When evaluating indicators such as live weight, dressed carcass weight, slaughter yield, muscle tissue weight, protein content, energy value, and meat quality index, the highest values were observed in the 3rd group and lowest in the control group. When using mono-additives, the Bacillus subtilis preparation (1st group) performed best compared to the fermentative complex. The levels of microbial and toxic element contamination were within normal limits. The sensory evaluation established higher organoleptic characteristics for the meat in the 3rd group compared to other groups and the control. This indicates the high efficacy of applying a complex additive on the mass and quality of meat production in quail farming.

The objects for the research were Holsteinized fi rst-calf heifers-daughters of sires with blood of 90 % or more of Holstein breed. In order to carry out the research three groups of first-calf heifers per 30 heads in each were formed. The 1st group included daughters of the sire Privelezh, the 2nd group included the daughters of the sire Alt Pilsner, and the 3rd group included the daughters of the sire Alt Tyson. The infl uence of sires on the productive traits of Holsteinized fi rst-calf heifers of Black-and-White breed was assessed under the conditions of the Petrovsky Agricultural Production Complex in the Bashmakovsky district of Penza region. It was revealed as a result of the research that the highest milk yield for 305 days of lactation was shown by the daughters of the sire Privelezh, which amounted to 9398 kg of milk and had a statistically signifi cant diff erence with the daughters of the sire Alt Pilsner – 3657 kg (Р > 0,999) and with the daughters of the sire Alt Tyson – 3542 kg (Р > 0,999). In terms of qualitative traits of milk productivity, the highest indicators were for fi rst-calf heifers of the 2nd and 3rd groups. For example, in terms of the mass fraction of fat the difference between cows of the 2nd and 1st groups was 0,16 abs.% (Р > 0,95). Diff erences were revealed between the 1st and 2nd groups by 0,04 abs.% (Р > 0,999). At the same time, due to higher milk yields animals of the 1st group exceeded their herdmates of the 2nd group in the yield of milk fat and protein by 127,92 kg (Р > 0,95) and 111,67 kg (Р > 0,999); 3rd group by 128,90 kg (Р > 0,999) and 109,08 kg (Р > 0,999), respectively. First-calf heifers of the 3rd group had the highest live weight (568,7 kg), the diff erence with their herdmates of the 1st group was 57,2 kg (Р > 0,999). Animals of the 2nd group exceeded the first group by 53,0 kg (Р > 0,999). The greatest variability in milk yield over 305 days of lactation was characterized by the 3rd group of cows (Cv=19,83 %) vice versa 17,45 and 18,92 % in the 1st and 2nd groups. First-calf heifers of the 1st group were distinguished by the greatest effi ciency and usefulness, although no significant differences were found between the groups. For example, per 1 kg of live weight, the Biological efficiency of a cow coefficient was 445,45 and the Cow biological f usefulness coefficient was 306,23.

The direction of metabolic processes in a living organism can be inferred from the levels of individual metabolites in blood. Their amount can vary depending on feeding, that is, under the influence of individual feed additives. Among the studied doses, the average dosage of the enzyme preparation (250 g per 1 t) of the feed mixture for broiler goslings, compared to low and high, has the greatest effect on erythropoiesis in the bird’s body, increases redox reactions of metabolism with a pronounced anabolic nature and the protective functions of the body. The calculated yield of edible parts in the carcasses of experimental goslings differed significantly between the experimental groups and the control group. Thus, in goslings of the 1st control group, the mass of edible parts in the carcass was 2337 g, in the analogues of the 2nd experimental group, it was higher by 171 g, in the 3rd - by 323, and in the goslings of the 4th experimental group - by 244 g (p≤0.001). In relative terms, the yield of edible parts to the pre-slaughter weight of goslings was: in the analogues of the 1st control group 68.2%, in the 2nd – 69.1%, in the 3rd – 69.0% and in the goslings of the 4th group – 69.8%. The higher live weight of goslings in the experimental groups compared to the control group increased the inedible parts in their carcasses. Thus, in goslings of the 2nd experimental group by 35 g, in the 3rd by 104, and in the analogues of the 4th by 28.0 g. The ratio of edible to inedible parts in gosling carcasses allowed us to calculate the meat quality index, which increased from 2.15 in the control to 2.23 in the analogues of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups. This ratio in the goslings of the 4th experimental group was 2.31. An important indicator of the quality of broiler gosling meat is the meat-bone index, i.e., the ratio of muscle tissue to bone. Adding an enzyme preparation to the diets of goslings in groups 2–4 increased this indicator. If in the control group it was 2.81, then in the analogues of the 2nd experimental group it increased to 3.00, in the goslings of the 3rd group to 3.11, and in the 4th experimental group to 3.16. Based on protein and fat calorie content, 100 g of meat from the 1st control group contained 122.8 kcal (514.0 kJ). In the 2nd group, this increased to 136.3 kcal (570.7 kJ); in the 3rd, 140.4 kcal (587.8 kJ); and in the 4th, 130.3 kcal (545.4 kJ). The calculation of the energy value of meat, carried out on the basis of the calorie content of protein and fat, shows that in 100 g of meat of goslings of the 1st control group the total energy content was 122.8 kcal, or 514.0 kJ, while in the experimental groups its energy value was higher and amounted to: in the analogues of the 2nd experimental group 136.3 kcal or 570.7 kJ, in the 3rd, respectively, 140.4 or 587.8, and in goslings of the 4th experimental group 130.3 kcal or 545.4 kJ Meat productivity measures include feed protein conversion (CCP) and energy conversion (CFE). At slaughter age (60 days), the average daily protein and fat deposition in the 1st control group were 414.4 g and 322.4 g, respectively. In the 2nd group, protein and fat deposition increased by 38.4 g and 64.6 g. In the 3rd group, these rose by 94.5 g and 44.5 g. In the 4th group, the increase was 61.5 g for protein and 37.8 g for fat. For each 1 kg of live weight, protein and fat deposition differed by group. The 1st control group, fed a single complete mixture, deposited 107.5 g of protein and 83.7 g of fat daily. With Hemicell® HT, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups saw increases in protein of 3.7 g, 10.9 g, and 7.3 g, and in fat of 11.3 g, 1.6 g, and 3.2 g, respectively. The highest protein conversion ratio of 19.3% was observed in goslings of the 3rd experimental group, 18.1% in analogues of the 4th, and 17.2% in goslings of the 2nd experimental group. A similar pattern is observed in the calculation of the energy conversion ratio for protein and fat deposition. In goslings of the 1st control group, it was 12.8%; in analogues of the 2nd group, 14.7%; in the 3rd, 15.0%; and in analogues of the 4th experimental group, 14.4%. Keywords: morphological and biochemical indicators, control slaughter, chemical composition of meat, protein conversion, energy conversion.