Abstract
There is increasing presence of fructose in food and drinks, and some evidence suggests that its higher consumption increases cardiovascular risk, although the mechanisms still remain not fully elucidated. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still responsible for one-third of deaths worldwide, and therefore, their prevention should be assessed and managed comprehensively and not by the evaluation of individual risk factor components. Lifestyle risk factors for CVD include low degree of physical activity, high body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, and nutritional factors. Indeed, nutritional risk factors for CVD include unhealthy dietary behaviors, such as high intake of refined foods, unhealthy fats, added sugars, and sodium and a low intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fiber, fish, and nuts. Even though there is no definitive association between CVD incidence and high consumption of total sugar, such as sucrose and fructose, there is, however, evidence that total sugars, added sugars, and fructose are harmfully associated with CVD mortality. Since high fructose intake is associated with elevated plasma triglyceride levels, as well as insulin resistance, diabetes hyperuricemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, further longitudinal studies should be conducted to fully elucidate the potential association between certain sugars and CVD.
Highlights
The Global Problem of Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the Nutrition Role of Sugars and FructoseCardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a group of disorders of the heart and/or blood vessels that includes peripheral arterial disease, stroke, coronary heart failure, high blood pressure, and other vascular and/or cardiac conditions, which are the leading cause of morbi-mortality worldwide and represent a significant burden for healthcare systems [1,2]
Prevention and evolution of CVD are reported to be linked with diet and nutrition, respectively, by various versatile aspects, such as nutrients, food, or eating patterns, each modified over time in connection with the recent discoveries
Testing whether meals high in fructose (HFr) would result in lower leptin concentrations than meals containing the same amount of glucose (HGl)
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a group of disorders of the heart and/or blood vessels that includes peripheral arterial disease, stroke, coronary heart failure, high blood pressure, and other vascular and/or cardiac conditions, which are the leading cause of morbi-mortality worldwide and represent a significant burden for healthcare systems [1,2]. Prevention of CVD, its severe consequences, and the proinflammatory effect of the Western type of diet, respectively, as well as frequent consumption of processed and fast food and a diet with high intake of red-meat-based protein, sugar, fat, cholesterol, and salt, is promoted by international guidelines [2,5]. Such guidelines recommend positive lifestyle modifications, including cessation of smoking, engaging in regular physical activity, and attention to the maintenance of proper weight, alongside positive nutritional practices, such as a healthier intake of fruits, vegetables, fish, healthy oils, nonfat dairy, seafood, and whole-grain nuts, such as included in a Mediterranean diet [2,5]. Obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) are both proinflammatory state conditions that, alongside a high intake of glucose and macronutrients and by chronic overnutrition, lead to an increase in insulin resistance and interference with insulin-signaling mechanisms, decreasing its anti-inflammatory effect [6]
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