Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to examine how five facets of mindfulness may be associated with the changes in psychotic patients' health outcomes after participating in a mindfulness-based psychoeducation group (MBPEG) program.Methods: Longitudinal follow-up data from two pragmatic randomized controlled trials of MBPEG for psychotic patients were used for this study. A total of 124 patients who completed the MBPEG program were included in this analysis. Patient outcomes (psychotic symptoms, functioning, insight into illness/treatment, subjective recovery) and five facets of mindfulness were assessed at baseline and six, 12 and 24 months post-intervention. Areas under the curve of individual outcomes in repeated-measures were computed using trapezoidal method, rescaled to the original possible range of the underlying variable and used for correlation and regression analyses.Results: All mean scores of the five facets increased across time and were significantly correlated with the improvements in all patient outcomes (p-values ranged from <0.001 to <0.05), except “non-judging” facet and symptom severity. Regression analyses revealed that only “observing” and “acting with awareness” were significantly associated with positive changes across all outcomes (increase in adjusted R2 ranged from 5.9% to 24.2%, p < 0.001).Conclusions: Two facets of mindfulness, “observing” and “acting with awareness,” were related to positive outcomes of psychotic patients after participating in the MBPEG. More efforts in addressing these two facets of mindfulness can be considered to increase the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in psychosis.
Highlights
Mindfulness, with its roots in ancient Buddhist teaching, has been defined in a variety of ways so as to fit into the context of contemporary psychological science [1]
There is a growing body of evidence from meta-analyses highlighting the significant effects of mindfulnessbased interventions on psychological well-being and physical health outcomes of individuals diagnosed with cancer [9], chronic pain [10], psychiatric disorders [11], as well as healthy individuals [12]
This study aimed to examine whether and in what way the five facets of mindfulness were associated with the changes in the level of psychotic symptoms, subjective recovery, insight into illness/treatment, and functioning of patients with psychotic disorders after participating in a six-month mindfulness-based psychoeducation group (MBPEG) program
Summary
Mindfulness, with its roots in ancient Buddhist teaching, has been defined in a variety of ways so as to fit into the context of contemporary psychological science [1]. Mindfulness-based interventions, such as a combination of mindfulness training and psychoeducation program, have become increasingly popular in recent years, and they have been found to be more effective on improving psychological well-being, when compared to mindfulness and/or meditation training alone [8]. There is a growing body of evidence from meta-analyses highlighting the significant effects of mindfulnessbased interventions on psychological well-being and physical health outcomes of individuals diagnosed with cancer [9], chronic pain [10], psychiatric disorders [11], as well as healthy individuals [12]. In a recent meta-analysis of ten randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions in adults with psychotic disorders, group format mindfulness-based interventions showed larger therapeutic effects (Hedge’s g = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.18–0.75) than individualbased Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (g = 0.08, 95% CI: −0.23 to 0.38) [13]
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