Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that affects the entire joint and has been a tremendous burden on the health care system worldwide. Although cell therapy has made significant progress in the treatment of OA and cartilage regeneration, there are still a series of problems. Recently, more and more evidence shows that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in the progression and treatment of OA. Here, we discuss that EVs from different cell sources not only participate in OA progression, but can also be used as effective tools for the diagnosis and treatment of OA. In addition, cell pretreatment strategies and EV tissue engineering play an increasingly prominent role in the field of OA treatment. This article will systematically review the latest developments in these areas. As stated above, it may provide new insights for improving OA and cartilage regeneration.
Highlights
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of the entire joint including structural changes in articular cartilage, subchondral bone, ligaments, joint capsule, synovium, and muscles around the joint [1,2]
The results indicated that chondrocytes expressed significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), indicating that activated macrophages may aggravate the abnormal matrix degradation and cytokine secretion associated with chondrocytes
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMMSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) showed a rich level of miR-136-5p, which can be internalized by chondrocytes
Summary
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of the entire joint including structural changes in articular cartilage, subchondral bone, ligaments, joint capsule, synovium, and muscles around the joint [1,2]. OA affects 7% of the global population and more than 500 million people. From 1990 to 2019, the number of people globally affected increased by 48%. Cell therapy is considered to be a promising method for the treatment of OA and cartilage regeneration in which stem cells from different sources are widely used. Anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, and other functions of stem cells are mainly through their paracrine function [6], extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been widely studied. EVs cover various subtypes of membrane structures released by cells including exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, tumor bodies, apoptotic bodies, and so on [7], which have different size and biogenesis. We review the application of EVs from different cells and stem cell pretreatment strategies of EVs in the treatment of OA. We summarize the research progress of tissue engineering in EVs research related to OA
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