Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, double-membrane vesicles derived from erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and cells of multiple tissues under physiologic or pathologic conditions. The role of EVs in stored RBC units is of great interest with respect to transfusion-related immunomodulation. The current study focuses on the quantity of EVs isolated from stored RBC units and their action on Bcell-mediated immune responses. The in vitro experiment demonstrated that EVs exhibited a negative role in Bcell survival, plasmacytic differentiation, and class switch recombination under LPS stimulation. Furthermore, LPS-induced antibody production was significantly decreased after EVs injection in vivo. Biochemical analysis revealed that EVs hampered the expression of Blimp-1 and IRF4 and the activation of NF-κB pathway in LPS-primed Bcells. Overall, these data imply a vital role for EVs isolated from RBC units in Bcell-mediated immune responses.
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