Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) is rapidly increasing worldwide. The diagnostic accuracy and dynamics of TC need to be improved, and traditional treatments are not effective enough for patients with poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. Exosomes are membrane vesicles secreted specifically by various cells and are involved in intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that exosomes secreted by TC cells contribute to tumor progression, angiogenesis and metastasis. Exosomes in liquid biopsies can reflect the overall molecular information of tumors, and have natural advantages in diagnosing TC. Exosomes also play an important role in tumor therapy due to their special physicochemical properties. TC patients will benefit as more exosome patterns are discovered. In this review, we discuss the role of TC-derived exosomes in tumorigenesis and development, and describe the application of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of TC.
Highlights
Thyroid cancer (TC), one of the fastest-growing cancers in the world, has become the most common malignancy of the endocrine system in recent years [1,2,3]
More than 90% of TCs diagnosed annually are differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), which histologically includes papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), whereas the remaining subset of TC comprises medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC); these two subtypes are associated with a poor prognosis [4, 5]
This review describes the function, separation methods, and biomedical applications of exosomes as well as current information on exosomes in TC
Summary
Thyroid cancer (TC), one of the fastest-growing cancers in the world, has become the most common malignancy of the endocrine system in recent years [1,2,3]. Different types of cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adipocytes, fibroblasts, and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), can induce the release of exosomes that promote tumor progression [18, 19]. Recent studies have shown that exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are an appropriate and promising marker for the clinical diagnosis of tumors.
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