Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) membranes enclose nanosized vesicles with a size range of 30–150 nm and are plentiful in our body in both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes, a type of EV, are important mediators of intracellular communication among tumor cells, immune cells, and stromal cells. They can shuttle bioactive molecules, such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA; however, the precise function of EVs remains largely unknown. In recent years, tumor-associated cargo in exosomes has been a hot topic in research, especially with respect to noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Herein, we review the role of exosomal ncRNAs, including miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, in tumor biological processes. Clinically, exosomal ncRNAs may eventually become novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer progression.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles are small cell-derived membranous structures containing various endogenous cargos, such as proteins, lipids, and genetic material [1]
The results from Peiming Zheng demonstrated that exosomes derived from tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that secreted microRNA-21 promoted cisplatin (DDP) resistance in gastric cancer cells
Note: all the noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) as biomarker are upregulated in the related cancers uncertain factors that could influence the therapeutic potential of exo-miRNAs, and the effect of exosome-mimetic nanovesicles versus exosomes warrants further study
Summary
Extracellular vesicles are small cell-derived membranous structures containing various endogenous cargos, such as proteins, lipids, and genetic material [1]. Cristina Grange and colleagues demonstrated that MVs derived from CD105-positive human renal cancer stem cells were enriched in a set of mRNAs and microRNAs that molecularly characterize the lung premetastatic niche They analyzed up regulated miRNA target genes predicted by the TargetScan algorithm and found that miR-29a, miR-650, and miR-151 were associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. Besides possessing the capability to promote metastasis in premetastatic niche directly, breast-cancer-secreted miR122 down regulates the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase, which facilitates disease progression In this characteristic mechanism, high levels of miR-122 in EVs significantly decreased glucose uptake and lactate production in recipient cells owing to decreased expression of PKM2 and GLUT1 [33]. The results from Peiming Zheng demonstrated that exosomes derived from tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that secreted microRNA-21 (miR-21) promoted cisplatin (DDP) resistance in gastric cancer cells.
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