Abstract
Replication of the poliovirus genome is localized to cytoplasmic replication factories that are fashioned out of a mixture of viral proteins, scavenged cellular components, and new components that are synthesized within the cell due to viral manipulation/up-regulation of protein and phospholipid synthesis. These membranous replication factories are quite complex, and include markers from multiple cytoplasmic cellular organelles. This review focuses on the role of electron microscopy in advancing our understanding of poliovirus RNA replication factories. Structural data from the literature provide the basis for interpreting a wide range of biochemical studies that have been published on virus-induced lipid biosynthesis. In combination, structural and biochemical experiments elucidate the dramatic membrane remodeling that is a hallmark of poliovirus infection. Temporal and spatial membrane modifications throughout the infection cycle are discussed. Early electron microscopy studies of morphological changes following viral infection are re-considered in light of more recent data on viral manipulation of lipid and protein biosynthesis. These data suggest the existence of distinct subcellular vesicle populations, each of which serves specialized roles in poliovirus replication processes.
Highlights
The focus of this review is on changes in cellular morphology during replication of poliovirus, a positive sense (+) RNA virus of approximately 7500 nucleotides
This structural change exposes capsid proteins that attach the particle to the membrane in a receptor-independent manner [5,6], and cell entry occurs via endocytosis that does not require clathrin, but is actin- and tyrosine kinase- dependent [7]
It has been reported that cholesterol helps build active virus replication complexes consisting of lipid rafts, in hepatitis C virus (HCV), where RNA and proteins are enclosed and protected from cellular immune responses [43,44]
Summary
The focus of this review is on changes in cellular morphology during replication of poliovirus, a positive sense (+) RNA virus of approximately 7500 nucleotides. Our review focuses on the major role that electron microscopy has played in elucidating the extensive protein-lipid structures that are induced to support replication of the picornavirus poliovirus (PV) RNA.
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