Abstract
An immunosensor is a kind of affinity biosensor based on interactions between an antigen and specific antigen immobilized on a transducer surface. Immunosensors possess high selectivity and sensitivity due to the specific binding between antibody and corresponding antigen, making them a suitable platform for several applications especially in the medical and bioanalysis fields. Electrochemical immunosensors rely on the measurements of an electrical signal recorded by an electrochemical transducer and can be classed as amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric, or impedimetric depending on the signal type. Among the immunosensors, electrochemical immunosensors have been more perfected due to their simplicity and, especially their ability to be portable, and for in situ or automated detection. This review addresses the potential of immunosensors destined for application in clinical analysis, especially cancer biomarker diagnosis. The emphasis is on the approaches used to fabricate electrochemical immunosensors. A general overview of recent applications of the developed electrochemical immunosensors in the clinical approach is described.
Highlights
An antibody which is immobilized on the solid substrate surface is called a capture antibody that captures the antigen from the sample and another antibody is labeled antibody which binds to the antigen–antibody complex, leading to production of a detected signal (Figure 2B)
The signals usually arise from catalytic reaction of the enzyme labeled as a probe with the detection immobilized on the solid substrate surface is called a capture antibody that captures the antigen from the sample and another antibody is labeled antibody which binds to the antigen–antibody complex, leading to production of a detected signal (Figure 2B)
An ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor was developed An by Yang et al, sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor was developed by Yang et al.,dots using gold nanoparticles using gold nanoparticles functionalized nitrogen-doped graphene quantum (Au@N-GQDs) for functionalized nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (Au@N-GQDs)
Summary
An immunosensor is a type of affinity solid-state based biosensor in which a specific target analyte, antigen (Ag), is detected by formation of a stable immunocomplex between antigen and antibody as a capture agent (Ab) resulting in generating a measurable signal given by a transducer [1,2]. The Ab linked to an enzyme (as a type of label) is added and the antigen is sandwiched between the primary Ab and secondary Ab with an enzyme label From this reaction, a detectable signal by changing color is readable by an optical transducer [9]. Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are usually produced by different immune B cell clones in the live animal body by injecting an immunogen They are a heterogeneous mixture of immunoglobulins against a particular Ag which each of them can recognize and bind to different epitopes of a specific antigen. In 2019, Gogola et al [24] reported a label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on a gold electrode modified with Hantavirus (strain Araucaria) antigen/protein for detection of anti-Hantavirus antibody. With a special label such as an enzyme, quantum dot, fluorophore, or radioisotope, for obtaining signal
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