Abstract
Low carbon technologies are necessary to address global warming issues through electricity decabonisation, but their large-scale integration challenges the stability and security of electricity supply. Energy storage can support this transition by bringing flexibility to the grid but since it represents high capital investments, the right choices must be made in terms of the technology and the location point in the network. Most of the potential for storage is achieved when connected further from the load, and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are a strong candidate for behind-the-meter integration. This work reviews and evaluates the state-of-the-art development of BESS, analysing the benefits and barriers to a wider range of applications in the domestic sector. Existing modelling tools that are key for a better assessment of the impacts of BESS to the grid are also reviewed. It is shown that the technology exists and has potential for including Electric Vehicle battery reuse, however it is still mostly applied to optimise domestic photovoltaic electricity utilisation. The barriers to a wider integration are financial, economic, technical, as well as market and regulation. Increased field trials and robust numerical modelling should be the next step to gain investment confidence and allow BESS to reach their potential.
Highlights
Three main challenges are emerging and threatening the present structure of the electricity network. (1) Mitigation measures against climate change including greener electricity production means, (2) significant changes in the electricity demand enhanced by the need to electrify the heat and transport sectors, and (3) the ageing of the network, leading to substantial replacement investments.The production of electricity by renewable energy systems is appealing when addressing climate change, as they do not emit Greenhouse Gases (GHG) during operation
The present paper focuses on integrating Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in the domestic sector, offering a review on the specific solution of integrating BESS straight at the loads—behind the meter of customers—as a way to provide the flexibility necessary to respond to the challenges faced by the electricity network presented above
Even for papers regarding BtM applications, the focus is rather on sizing and scheduling systems: The economically optimal battery size regarding PV generation was assessed in [54,78,79,80,81,82]; a degradation aspect considered by Angenendt [83], and Yoon and Kim [84] deals with integration in or for LV applications but not necessarily Behind the Meter (BtM) [76,77]
Summary
Three main challenges are emerging and threatening the present structure of the electricity network. (1) Mitigation measures against climate change including greener electricity production means, (2) significant changes in the electricity demand enhanced by the need to electrify the heat and transport sectors, and (3) the ageing of the network, leading to substantial replacement investments. The structure of the networks was shaped by the following: when the number of aggregated load increases, the required capacity per-customer and the variability of demand decrease [5], leading in blue over the same three-day period (24 to 26 October 2018) This stems from similarities in most people’s life habits: cooking is more likely comes from onetoof the “Test. Forthree-day each case, 15-min resolution data was divided by the average [7] inwebsite blue over [7]
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