Abstract
Early complement factors can be found among arthropods that evolved as early as 500 million years ago. The early complement proteins are limited to components of the alternative pathway, which is regarded as the most ancient pathway of complement activation. Traits of adaptive immunity arise with the appearance of vertebrates. The molecules of the classical pathway of complement activation appeared later, with the development of adaptive immunity (1). Over the course of vertebrate evolution, the complement system has become closely associated with the humoral immune response. Recent studies elucidate how innate and adaptive immunity support each other. Complement serves not only as an effector of adaptive immunity but also participates in the instruction of the B-lymphocyte response. The bidirectional relationship exemplifies a complex linkage between innate and adaptive immunity, a connection we describe in this chapter.
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