Abstract
The mammalian circadian clock regulates the day and night cycles of various physiological functions. The circadian clock system consists of a central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and peripheral clocks in peripheral tissues. According to the results of circadian transcriptomic studies in several tissues, the majority of rhythmic genes are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and are influenced by tissue-specific circadian rhythms. Here we review the diurnal variations of musculoskeletal functions and discuss the impact of the circadian clock on homeostasis in skeletal muscle and bone. Peripheral clocks are controlled by not only photic stimulation from the central clock in the SCN but also by external cues, such as feeding and exercise. In this review, we discuss the effects of feeding and exercise on the circadian clock and diurnal variation of musculoskeletal functions. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of chrono-nutrition and chrono-exercise on circadian disturbances and the failure of homeostasis in skeletal muscle and bone.
Highlights
Various physiological functions, including the sleep wake cycle, body temperature, hormone secretion, and locomotor activity, exhibit circadian rhythms
Myod1, Ucp3, Atrogin1 (F-box protein 32), Myh1 are muscle-specific genes that play roles in myogenesis, muscle lipid utilization, protein metabolism and the organization of myofilaments, respectively. They have shown the circadian rhythms of gene expression, some of which have been shown to be directly regulated by clock genes (Andrews et al, 2010; Zhang et al, 2012)
We have reported that exercise advances the phase of circadian rhythm in peripheral clocks, such as liver and gastrocnemius muscle, in in vivo experiments (Sasaki et al, 2016)
Summary
Role of Circadian Rhythms in Muscular and Osseous Physiology and Their Regulation by Nutrition and Exercise. The mammalian circadian clock regulates the day and night cycles of various physiological functions. We review the diurnal variations of musculoskeletal functions and discuss the impact of the circadian clock on homeostasis in skeletal muscle and bone. Peripheral clocks are controlled by photic stimulation from the central clock in the SCN and by external cues, such as feeding and exercise. We discuss the effects of feeding and exercise on the circadian clock and diurnal variation of musculoskeletal functions. We discuss the therapeutic potential of chrono-nutrition and chrono-exercise on circadian disturbances and the failure of homeostasis in skeletal muscle and bone
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