Abstract
Plants are nonmotile life forms that are constantly exposed to changing environmental conditions during the course of their life cycle. Fluctuations in environmental conditions can be drastic during both day–night and seasonal cycles, as well as in the long term as the climate changes. Plants are naturally adapted to face these environmental challenges, and it has become increasingly apparent that membranes and their lipid composition are an important component of this adaptive response. Plants can remodel their membranes to change the abundance of different lipid classes, and they can release fatty acids that give rise to signaling compounds in response to environmental cues. Chloroplasts harbor the photosynthetic apparatus of plants embedded into one of the most extensive membrane systems found in nature. In part one of this review, we focus on changes in chloroplast membrane lipid class composition in response to environmental changes, and in part two, we will detail chloroplast lipid-derived signals.
Highlights
The chloroplast is the organelle in plants that synthesizes the bulk of fatty acids (FAs) for the assembly of glycerolipids at the chloroplast envelope membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Chloroplast membranes are the result of lipid metabolism, which is susceptible to stress-responsive pathways, allowing plants to maintain membrane integrity both inside and outside of the chloroplast
Chloroplast lipids are themselves a reservoir for substrates of a complex oxylipin metabolism, which mobilizes the signaling components of a robust response to biotic and abiotic challenges. As these stress-responsive pathways are far from being completely elucidated, it is important to maintain a focus on understanding the lipid metabolism that underpins them
Summary
The chloroplast is the organelle in plants that synthesizes the bulk of fatty acids (FAs) for the assembly of glycerolipids at the chloroplast envelope membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Both compartments extensively interact in the biogenesis of the photosynthetic membranes, necessitating the exchange of lipid precursors across multiple membranes. Sulfolipids are present as an alternative to phosphate-based anionic membrane lipids This unique membrane system is more than just an economical scaffold for the photosynthetic machinery, it is mobilized by plant signaling and metabolic networks in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli. During the second part of this review, we discuss the interconnectivity of chlo ofdy roplast lipid metabolism and lipid-based signaling by oxylipins as one aspect of the namic response of chloroplast lipid metabolism to environmental cues
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