The role of chlorine oxide radical (ClO•) in the degradation of polychoro-1,3-butadienes in UV/chlorine treatment: kinetics and mechanisms

Abstract

Polychoro-1,3-butadienes (CBDs) were widely found in aqueous environment and resistant to conventional water treatment. In this study, the abatement of CBDs during UV/chlorine treatment was investigated. In comparison to UV irradiation alone, free chlorine addition brought benefits for the reduction of tetra-CBDs (TCBDs), but to lesser extent for penta-CBDs (PCBDs), and virtually no benefit for hexa-CBD (HCBD). At a UV dose of 128 mJ cm−2 and a chlorine dose of 10 mg L−1, about 71.7–97.8% CBDs were degraded by UV/chlorine treatment within 10 min. UV irradiation contributed 32.8%–97.6%, HO• contributed 2.6%–14.4%, and reactive chlorine species (RCS) contributed less than 0.5%–42.3% to CBDs degradation. The percentages of RCS contribution generally followed the order of TCBDs (except (Z,Z)-1,2,3,4-TCBD) > PCBDs > HCBD. The chlorine oxide radical (ClO•) was the dominant RCS contributing to the degradation of CBDs. The second-order reaction rate constants of ClO• with CBDs (kClO•,CBDs) were at ∼ 107 M−1s−1 except (Z,Z)-1,2,3,4-TCBD and HCBD (<106 M−1s−1). kClO•,CBDs generally decreased with increasing numbers of chlorine atoms and was also affected by the positions of chlorine atoms in CBDs. A distinct reaction pathway of ClO•, with (Z)-1,1,2,3,4-PCBD as a representative CBD, was proposed. Photoisomers of CBDs from Z or E configuration were observed at lower concentrations in UV/chlorine treatment than under UV irradiation alone due to the radical-involved oxidation, but more organic acids including oxalic acid were observed. In a natural water sample, UV/chlorine treatment also exhibited a good performance in abatement of TCBDs and PCBDs, but not in abatement of HCBD.