Abstract
In the integration of electric vehicle (EV) fleets into the smart grid context, charging infrastructure serves as the interlinkage between EV fleets and the power grid and, as such, affects the impacts of EV operation on the smart grid. In this study, the impacts of charging infrastructure on the effectiveness of different EV operational modes were simulated using a multi-component modelling approach, which accounts for both stochastic EV fleet charging behaviors as well as optimal energy vector dispatch operation. Moreover, a campus microgrid case study was presented to demonstrate the various design factors and impacts of charging infrastructure implementation affecting EV fleet adoption and operation. Based on results from the study, it was shown that charging infrastructure should be adopted in excess of the minimum required to satisfy EV charging for driving needs. In addressing uncontrolled charging behaviors, additional charging infrastructure improves EV owner convenience and reduces queuing duration. Meanwhile, controlled charging strategies benefit from increased resilience against uncertain charging behavior and operate more optimally in systems subject to time-of-use (TOU) electricity pricing. Lastly, it was demonstrated that successful vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation requires charging infrastructure to emulate the availability and fast response characteristics of stationary energy storage systems, which translates to excess charging port availability, long EV plug-in durations, and bi-directional power flow capabilities well beyond the level 2 charging standard.
Highlights
Depleting natural fossil fuel resources and increased concern over the environmental impacts of high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have led to significant development of renewable and sustainable energy resources and technologies
More to the grid for a sufficient duration in order to perform load balancing services, in addition to the generally, the results indicate that, in order to effectively displace stationary energy storage systems (ESS) capacities, plug-in duration required to meet its own charging needs
The appropriate planning and implementation of charging infrastructure plays a key role in determining the feasibility of operational modes under which electric vehicle (EV) can operate within the smart grid context
Summary
Depleting natural fossil fuel resources and increased concern over the environmental impacts of high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have led to significant development of renewable and sustainable energy resources and technologies. Advancements in information and communication technology and increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) have sparked a shift from the traditional centralized power infrastructure toward a decentralized energy network configuration. Motivated by this transition, the smart grid concept has been proposed as a future energy distribution framework, which aims to leverage various DERs and communication technologies to yield advantages in overall grid efficiency, flexibility, and reliability [1]. Appropriate implementation of communication technologies will enable optimal operation of DERs within the smart grid context, accommodating increasing integration of renewable energy generation, energy storage systems (ESS), and future DER. A system with sufficient local DER capacities enables operation under an islanded mode in order to ensure local energy security [5]
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