Abstract
The Doppler ultrasound twinkling artifact has been attributed to scattering off microbubbles on and within kidney stones; however, it is not clear if microbubbles are also present on other pathological mineralizations. Uric acid, cholesterol, calcium oxalate, and calcium phosphate crystals (n = 5/type) were grown in the lab and imaged with Doppler ultrasound in ambient and hyperbaric conditions to show that microbubbles are present and causetwinkling on mineralizations other than kidney stones. [Work supported by NSF CAREER Grant No. 1943937 and NSF GRFP Grant No. DGE1255832.]
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