Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of multifunctional growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Originally identified by their ability to induce bone formation, they are now known as essential signaling molecules that regulate the development and function of the female reproductive system (FRS). Several BMPs play key roles in aspects of reproductive system development. BMPs have also been described to be involved in the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into reproductive system tissues or organoids. The role of BMPs in the reproductive system is still poorly understood and the use of FRS tissue or organoids generated from hPSCs would provide a powerful tool for the study of FRS development and the generation of new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of FRS diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about BMP signaling in FRS development and function.
Highlights
The female reproductive system (FRS) is one of the most vital parts of the human reproductive process and is essential in keeping mammalian species alive
Results have demonstrated that Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)-4 and -7 are strongly expressed in theca cells
BMP-6 was mainly expressed in oocytes at all human follicular developmental stages and BMP-6 mRNA expression in cumulus cells (CCs) was not associated with oocyte maturation, embryo morphological grading, or implantation
Summary
The female reproductive system (FRS) is one of the most vital parts of the human reproductive process and is essential in keeping mammalian species alive. The FRS is responsible for the production of female germ cells (oocytes) and for the transport of oocytes to the fallopian tubes for fertilization and fetal growth and development [1]. Developmental anomalies in the formation and diseases of the FRS, including sexually transmitted diseases [4], cancer [5], or endometriosis [6], can result in infertility and lifethreatening pregnancy or childbirth [1]. In spite of the importance of this system in the survival of the species, reproductive organs and the molecular mechanisms underlying their homeostasis, hormonal cycles, pregnancy, and associated diseases have been poorly characterized [7]. Despite the difference between animal and human FRS anatomy and molecular regulation, animal models have been very useful in understanding normal and abnormal FRS development, and so in predicting human FRS malformations [8]
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