Abstract
The rapid emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria continues to be an issue difficult to deal with, especially in the clinical, animal husbandry, and food fields. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacteria renders treatment with antibiotics ineffective. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic methods is a worthwhile research endeavor in treating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Recently, bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have been investigated as a possible approach to drug delivery and vaccine development. The BMVs are released by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, containing various components originating from the cytoplasm and the cell envelope. The BMVs are able to transform bacteria with genes that encode enzymes such as proteases, glycosidases, and peptidases, resulting in the enhanced antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The BMVs can increase the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. However, the biogenesis and functions of BMVs are not fully understood in association with the bacterial pathogenesis. Therefore, this review aims to discuss BMV-associated antibiotic resistance and BMV-based therapeutic interventions.
Highlights
Over the last few decades, antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been a serious global threat to public health [1]
A mixture of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) could induce strong specific mucosal and humoral immune responses [177]. These findings suggest that multiple BMV vaccines can be developed to protect against diseases caused by heterogeneous bacterial infections
BMVs play an important role as carriers of antibiotic-related proteins and in inactivating antibiotic enzymes
Summary
Over the last few decades, antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been a serious global threat to public health [1]. It has been recognized that bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) may play a role in antibiotic resistance. The structural features of the bacterial outer membrane play an important role in the rapid adaptation to environmental stresses such as cold, heat, and antibiotic treatments, resulting in the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria [2,5]. The ultrafiltration can remove high molecular-weight substances such as viruses and organic and inorganic polymeric molecules [24] This method is unable to efficiently purify the BMV fraction from non-BMV contents [25]. The His-tag technology coupled with IMAC can selectively purify BMVs. The plasmid-encoded transmembrane proteins provide a His-tag sequence for bacterial outer membranes. Since the purification methods for BMVs have advantages and disadvantages, an improved method still is needed to isolate BMVs with high purity
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