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Abstract
The role of bacterial surface components in combination with bacterial functional signals in the process of biofilm formation has been increasingly studied in recent years. Plants support a diverse array of bacteria on or in their roots, transport vessels, stems, and leaves. These plant-associated bacteria have important effects on plant health and productivity. Biofilm formation on plants is associated with symbiotic and pathogenic responses, but how plants regulate such associations is unclear. Certain bacteria in biofilm matrices have been found to induce plant growth and to protect plants from phytopathogens (a process termed biocontrol), whereas others are involved in pathogenesis. In this review, we systematically describe the various components and mechanisms involved in bacterial biofilm formation and attachment to plant surfaces and the relationships of these mechanisms to bacterial activity and survival.
Highlights
Biofilms are bacterial communities in which cells are embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric compounds attached to a surface [1]
Various mutations related to LPS synthesis in phytopathogenic bacteria such as P. aeruginosa [51], Pseudomonas syringae [52], Xanthomonas axonopodis [53], and Xanthomonas citri [54] caused reductions in both biofilm formation ability and virulence
We postulate that the linkage of or transition from bacterial aggregation to biofilm formation is crucial for the establishment of beneficial or pathogenic relationships between bacteria and plants
Summary
Biofilms are bacterial communities in which cells are embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric compounds attached to a surface [1]. Bacterial surface components and extracellular compounds [primarily flagella, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), and exopolysaccharides (EPSs)], in combination with environmental and quorum-sensing signals, are crucial for autoaggregation and biofilm development in most bacterial species studied to date [3,4]. In the generally accepted model of biofilm formation, environmental signals trigger the process, and flagella are required for the biofilm community to approach and move across the surface. Biofilm development contributes to the virulence of phytopathogenic bacteria through various mechanisms, including blockage of xylem vessels, increased resistance to plant antimicrobial compounds, and/or enhanced colonization of specific habitats [13]. We review recent findings on the mechanisms involved in attachment, cell aggregation, and biofilm formation on plant surfaces by bacteria
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