Abstract
Age-related bone loss is a major factor in osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures among the elderly. Because bone homeostasis involves a balance between bone formation and resorption, multiple mechanisms may induce age-dependent changes in bone. Oxidative stress is one such factor that contributes to the pathology of aging-associated osteoporosis (AAO). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) are a biomarker of oxidant-mediated protein damage, and can also act to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby perpetuating oxidative damage. AOPP is a relatively novel marker of oxidative stress, and its role in bone aging has not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, it has been theorized that dietary antioxidants may decrease AOPP levels, thereby reducing AAO risk, but a limited number of studies have been specifically targeted at addressing this hypothesis. Therefore, the objective of this review is to examine the findings of existing research on the role of AOPP in age-related bone loss, and the potential use of dietary antioxidants to mitigate the effects of AAOP on age-related bone loss. Cross-sectional studies have delivered mixed results, showing that AOPP levels are inconsistently associated with bone loss and aging. However, in vitro studies have documented multiple mechanisms by which AOPP may lead to bone loss, including upregulation of the JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways as well as increasing expression of sclerostin and of receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL). Studies also indicate that antioxidants—especially berry anthocyanins—may be an effective dietary agent to prevent aging-associated bone deterioration by inhibiting the formation of AOPP and ROS. However, the understanding of these pathways in AAO has largely been based on in vitro studies, and should be examined in further animal and human studies in order to inform recommendations regarding dietary anthocyanin use for the prevention of AAO.
Highlights
Age-related bone loss is a primary contributor to osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in the elderly
Oxidative stress contributes to the universal phenomenon of bone aging, and is a key factor in the development of associated osteoporosis (AAO)
advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) is a biomarker of oxidative damage to protein and has been associated with lower bone mineral density (BMD) in both humans and animals in some observational studies
Summary
Age-related bone loss is a primary contributor to osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. Studies have shown that oxidative stress results in reduced bone formation, increased osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis, and decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Induced oxidative stress in young mice shown to reduce osteoblastogenesis and to increase osteoclast number and activity [10,11]. Loss of has been shown to reduce osteoblastogenesis and to increase osteoclast number and activitysex steroids potentiates effectspotentiates of aging by weakening defense mechanisms against oxidative stress [10]. Previous studies have clearly demonstrated that the bone turnover pattern remains relatively steady oxidative stress [10]. Previous studies have clearly demonstrated that the bone turnover pattern in advanced aging [12] Based on this pattern, there is aon reduction in bone as ainresult bone of remains relatively steady in advanced aging [12]. AAO [12]. oxidation protein products (AOPP) arise from the reaction between plasma proteins
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