Abstract
Proper physiological function of the ovaries is very important for the entire female reproductive system and overall health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products during ovarian physiological metabolism, and antioxidants are indicated as factors that can maintain the balance between ROS production and clearance. A disturbance in this balance can induce pathological consequences in oocyte maturation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation, and embryo development, which can ultimately influence pregnancy outcomes. However, our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these physiological and pathological processes is lacking. This article presents up-to-date findings regarding the effects of antioxidants on the ovaries. An abundance of evidence has confirmed the various significant roles of these antioxidants in the ovaries. Some animal models are discussed in this review to demonstrate the harmful consequences that result from mutation or depletion of antioxidant genes or genes related to antioxidant synthesis. Disruption of antioxidant systems may lead to pathological consequences in women. Antioxidant supplementation is indicated as a possible strategy for treating reproductive disease and infertility by controlling oxidative stress (OS). To confirm this, further investigations are required and more antioxidant therapy in humans has to been performed.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed during normal metabolism of oxygen and are produced as by-products of aerobic metabolism
Steroidogenesis is a major source of ROS production, and progesterone synthesis is restricted in the corpus luteum with ROS [57]
During pregnancy, decreased SOD1 induces an increase in ROS production, resulting in progesterone inhibition, and scavenging of ROS by antioxidants may contribute to the maintenance of luteal cell integrity and extend the life span of the corpus luteum [58]
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed during normal metabolism of oxygen and are produced as by-products of aerobic metabolism. The balance between the generation and elimination of ROS is a key factor required for almost every metabolic function in mammals. Maintenance of this balance is an important constitutive process and has a particular influence on cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and death [4]. Regarding the female reproductive system, ROS and antioxidants have been recognized as key factors involved in ovarian physiological metabolism. Antioxidants are critical for maintaining the redox balance in the ovaries to support normal ovarian function Their exact molecular mechanisms and roles have not been fully elucidated. Previous studies have primarily focused on ROS functions in the ovaries In this context, a systematic understanding of antioxidant expression, regulation, and molecular mechanisms involved in ovarian function is required. Reproductive diseases caused by reduced antioxidant system capacity are described, and for this reason, future investigations of possible antioxidant supplementation to protect against these diseases are necessary
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