Abstract
Over the last decade, decreasing effectiveness of conventional antimicrobial-drugs has caused serious problems due to the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Furthermore, biofilms, which are microbial communities that cause serious chronic infections and dental plaque, form environments that enhance antimicrobial resistance. As a result, there is a continuous search to overcome or control such problems, which has resulted in antimicrobial peptides being considered as an alternative to conventional drugs. Antimicrobial peptides are ancient host defense effector molecules in living organisms. These peptides have been identified in diverse organisms and synthetically developed by using peptidomimic techniques. This review was conducted to demonstrate the mode of action by which antimicrobial peptides combat multidrug-resistant bacteria and prevent biofilm formation and to introduce clinical uses of these compounds for chronic disease, medical devices, and oral health. In addition, combinations of antimicrobial peptides and conventional drugs were considered due to their synergetic effects and low cost for therapeutic treatment.
Highlights
Since penicillin was first discovered by Fleming in 1928, a large number of antibiotics have been identified, developed and clinically used in antimicrobial pharmatherapeutics
Within the limits of this interaction, it is expected that this process may be overcome if other antimicrobial peptides which do not interact with LPS or possess other modes of action in bacteria were substituted
A number of antimicrobial peptides have been shown to be active against methicillin resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE), we focus on antibacterial peptides with unusual amino acids, which are known as lantibiotics, because many of them exert antibacterial action through the interaction with cell wall components
Summary
Since penicillin was first discovered by Fleming in 1928, a large number of antibiotics have been identified, developed and clinically used in antimicrobial pharmatherapeutics. Many studies are being conducted to address the above problems, multidrug-resistant bacteria and biofilm formation. The results of these studies have led to antimicrobial peptides being considered as an alternative drug for conventional antibiotics. It is believed that it is very difficult for bacteria to develop resistance to antimicrobial peptides because most kill bacterial cells quickly through their actions on the entire cytoplasmic membrane or can act through complex mechanism [12]. We will focus on the mode of action of antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides, their current use against multidrug-resistant bacteria, and recent findings regarding their use in the prevention of biofilms
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